我国暴力犯罪活动的趋势和对策

暴力犯罪在我国建国50年中,经历了由多到少和由少到多的过程,其变化主要受社会控制力强弱、青少年人口数量和比重、打击力度的大小等因素的影响.随着市场经济的逐步建立,这种犯罪的比重将有所下降,但图财性质的暴力犯罪在整个暴力犯罪中的比重会继续增加.对暴力犯罪的控制,尤其要贯彻打击与预防并重的方针.     

Asphyxia Homicides in Finland, 1983–2012

Finland has one of the highest homicide rates in Western Europe, and almost every tenth homicide is caused by asphyxiation. Reliable statistics, a strict legislation, and an exceptionally high medico-legal autopsy rate formed a base for a nationwide analysis of asphyxia homicides (n = 383) during 30 years. The cases were identified through multiple records, and all the forensic pathology case files were studied in detail. In more than one out of five cases, there were indications of staging, and the homicide was revealed first at autopsy in close to one in ten cases. The vast majority of the homicides took place in private locations and involved persons known to each other. Every third victim was an intimate partner, and every tenth a child. Almost half of the victims died from manual strangulation, one in three from ligature strangulation. Smothering, choking, neck compression with a firm object, and thoracic compression were more rare methods. Drownings were excluded from this study material. Of all the victims, 7% had no observable external injuries. Petechiae were recorded in approximately in 61%, laryngohyoid fractures in 47%, and vocal cord hemorrhages in 16% of the cases. Every tenth female victim had genital injuries. Toxicological analyses were performed in close to all of the cases, and almost three out of four victims tested positive for blood alcohol. The various aspects of the demographics and autopsy findings covered in this study contribute reliable and accurate data to further strengthen the spectrum of observable medico-legal characteristics of asphyxia homicides.     

Homicide by unusual‐edged weapons: Forensic considerations of two cases

Homicide by stab wound is common worldwide. However, the use of unusual edged weapons is rarely reported in the forensic literature. Here, we report two cases of homicide involving a Japanese sword, or katana, and a sickle. Both of these weapons can create either stab or incised wounds with some particularities. In our cases, characteristics of the external wounds, internal injuries, and the depth of penetration raised the possibility of an unusual weapon. Meticulous forensic examination of these injuries (morphological characteristics, depth of penetration, trajectories, and cut marks in the bone) may allow the forensic expert to determine the type of weapon used.     

Identifying Unit-Dependency and Time-Specificity in Longitudinal Analysis: A Graphical Methodology

Longitudinal analysis in criminology and other social sciences has become an important research tool because it allows us to draw conclusions from observing how multiple units change over time. Unfortunately, its results are more vulnerable to potential influences of unusual observational units or periods of time. Current leverage diagnostics are designed for cross-sectional analysis and are fallible when applied to longitudinal models. This article introduces a graphical diagnostic methodology to systematically examine the sensitivity of longitudinal results to extreme observational units and periods of time—unit-dependency and time-specificity. Further the article illustrates its use with an example testing policy effects on black and white female victimization of intimate partner homicide. Results are displayed in an easily understood graph that provides a snapshot of the results' time-specific patterns and robustness to unit-dependency. Currently, comparable tests for panel analysis are tedious and cumbersome. With this new illuminating methodology, researchers and policy-makers can easily decide whether a time-specific or unit-dependent pattern is consequential.     

Crime Trends in Western Europe from 1990 to 2000

This paper analyses the evolution of police recorded crime rates for nine offences (intentional homicide, assault, rape, robbery, theft, vehicle theft, burglary, domestic burglary, and drug offences) over the period 1990–2000 in 16 Western European Countries. The analysis shows that there was an increase in drug and violent offences, while property offences reached a peak at the beginning of the 1990s and started decreasing afterwards. The evolution of property offences can be related to the emergence of a large black market for stolen goods in Central and Eastern Europe at the beginning of the time series, while by the end of it that market was saturated and there had also been a reinforcement of police measures in the frontiers and of security measures in Western European households. The increase in drug offences is correlated to the rise of drug use in Europe shown by other indicators, and can be related to an increased availability of drugs in European markets. Finally, the upward trend in violent offences can be explained partially by gang struggles over the control of illegal markets and by the consolidation of problematic neighbourhoods, but seems also due to a large extent of increase in the reporting of violent offences by their victims and the recording of such offences by the police. The analysis shows that opportunity-based theories provide a satisfactory explanation of the trends in recorded crime, and that the crime opportunities are heavily influenced by socio-economical factors.Versions of this paper were presented at the 3rd Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology (Helsinki, August 27–30, 2003) and at the Societies of Criminology 1st Key Issues Conference (Paris, May 13–15, 2004). The paper was written during a stay at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law (Freiburg imBreisgau, Germany) made possible through the support of Swiss National Science Foundation     

Crime patterns and their relation to subjective social stress and support indicators: The role of gender

This study investigated the relationship between the subjective perception of stress and support in the population (as independent variables) and the prevalence of homicide, robbery, and property offenses in society, while controlling for the effect of gender, i.e., how these crimes are related to the differential perception of stress and support among males and females. The theoretical framework is provided by a stress-support model which postulates that crime in society will be positively related to stress factors and negatively related to support systems. Eight stress indicators and four support (solidarity) indicators were included. The data regarding these indicators were derived from continuing surveys of representative samples of the urban population in Israel during the years 1967–1979. The theoretical model was supported by the findings, especially those relating to property offenses. The effects of the female indicators were strongest (and greater than those of males) with regard to property offenses. The regression coefficients of the female indicators were also consistently larger than those of males, indicating that women's perceptions of stress are better predictors of crime rates than those of males. The results are compared to those of previous studies and suggestions are made for future studies in this new line of criminological research.     

民族主义话语及其表述实质——19世纪上半叶俄国文化运动及其历史影响

19世纪上半叶是俄国社会思潮和文化运动发生多元剧烈变动的关键历史时期。自1836年恰达耶夫发表著名的《哲学书简》并引起俄国思想界的震惊时起,就在精英知识分子中展开了针对俄罗斯命运与前途的民族主义双重话语表述。这种表述的大方向,是在短时期内充分学习西方的前提下,确立俄国在欧洲乃至全世界的独立文化身份和精神优势。其间,俄罗斯传统文化意识在俄国和欧洲两种文化交流与激烈碰撞背景下的生存与发展问题,成为知识界普遍关注的共同话题。这一时期的俄国文化运动紧紧围绕知识分子的民族主义话语表述而展开。     

如何以社会主义核心价值体系引领社会思潮——引领社会思潮的方法论论析

以社会主义核心价值体系引领社会思潮必须以马克思主义的方法论作为分析问题和解决问题的出发点。在这一引领过程中,尊重社会思潮的差异与多样,不能简单地去取代多样化的社会思潮是引领社会思潮的前提;不能简单地对多样化的社会思潮加以整合使其成为一个混合体是引领社会思潮的正确态度和具体做法;不断增强解决历史遗留和现实提出的重大问题的能力是引领社会思潮的关键和保证。     

制造意外事件型杀人案件的侦查分析

制造意外事件型杀人案件就是行为人通过故意制造意外事件以杀害被害人的刑事案件的总称。该类案件具有极高的刑事案件假象特性，并有不同于其他相似杀人案件的特点，对该类案件的侦破难度相当大。因此,如何制定一套针对该类案件的策略与措施是急需解决的难题。     

“海外汉学界孔孟思想”专题研究：路向与方法：北美汉学家论孔子说《诗》

英语学界对孔子文学思想的研究实属晚近之事,自上世纪70年代以来,在北美地区陆续出现了一些研究成果.这些研究大体沿着两个路向展开,一是探讨孔子的诗学观,二是论述孔子思维方式与其文学思想之间的关系.研究方法上涉及：聚焦实用与抒情两种质素、注重文本细读基础上的多时段考察、援用二重证据法、汲取西方文学理论,引入后现代主义视域.