From Unfulfilled Wants to the Experience of Injustice: Women's Sense of Injustice Regarding the Lopsided Division of Household Labor

The present research deals with factors that contribute to women's sense of injustice regarding the lopsided division of household labor. The proposed model of perceived injustice combines elements of the distributive justice framework of Major (1993) and Thompson (1991), the two-factor model of relative deprivation (Crosby, 1982), and the attribution-of-blame model of judgments of injustice (Mikula, 1993). The results of a study with 132 employed women are consistent with the proposed model and show that unfulfilled wants, perceived violations of entitlement, and attributions of blame directly affect women's perceptions of being unjustly treated by their partners. Beyond that, women's judgments of injustice were indirectly affected by the outcomes of various comparison processes through their impact on perceived violations of entitlement. Finally, attributions of responsibility and perceived lack of justifications contributed indirectly to the experience of injustice through their impact on the amount of blame attributed to the partner. The findings provide evidence for the usefulness of the theories considered in this study to understand and predict women's sense of injustice, and their integration into a single model of perceived injustice.     

日本近代户籍法的制定与家制度的形成

二次大战前,日本家制度的形成中,户籍法起了重大作用。明治政府为达到全面控制人民的目的,在维新之初,就对户籍管理特别重视,从明治四年的户籍法到十九年的户籍法,始终在修改和完善,而户籍法的实行不仅为明治维新各项改革的展开奠定了基础,同时也促进了近代日本家制度的形成。     

WOMEN'S GENDER PERFORMANCES AND CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE ILLEGAL DRUG ECONOMY

Based on interviews with 32 female drug dealers in Norway, this study investigates different gender performances among women situated in the illegal hard drug economy—a context with strong gendered “rules of the game.” Using grounded theory methods, I have identified four predominant patterns in which women enact their gendered identities being part of the drug economy: performing emphasized femininity in the context of marginalization; performing street masculinity; employing a feminine business model; and last, flexible use of cultural repertoires. The findings suggest that different gender performances among dealers are rooted in variations in the cultural tool kits they have at their disposal. I find that the content of women's cultural tool kits varied with three sociodemographic factors: 1) age, 2) time of entrée to the drug economy, and 3) educational and employment history. Combined, these influenced the type of gender performances the dealers tended to use as well as their position in the drug market hierarchy. The research suggests that those dealers using cultural repertoires flexibly are the most successful as they skillfully employed the model best suited for the context they were in.     

户籍歧视下的平等就业权——以“户籍歧视第一案”为例

劳动权是宪法赋予公民的一项基本权利。平等就业权是保障人生存权利的一种体现,也是基本人权的一种。我国的法律体系中对于保障劳动者平等就业权的条文并不多,且对于违反平等就业权的行为也仅仅是以有限列举的形式加以规制,且缺乏相应的法律责任。户籍歧视这一被公众所熟知的行为并未在法律中明文规定。"国内户籍歧视第一案"再次将以户籍歧视为代表的就业歧视行为置于公众的视野下,也暴露了我国现有劳动法律的不足,法律的修改和完善刻不容缓。     

Game Theoretical Study on the Population Regulation in Megacity Under the New Household Registration System——Based on the Case of Shanghai

The population regulation policy of Shanghai, intervened by policy, guided by the government with the characteristics of market optimization, has made certain progress in aspects including urban development and migrant population management. However, it shows deficiency in limit and efficiency under the old household registration system. Therefore, the new household registration system urgently requires a clear analysis framework for population regulation and the government should be clear about game in the social, political and economic aspects as well as the population problem demanding solution. It is argued that in this paper the government should focus on the population regulation ways in different periods, space and social strata to rebuild the population regulation strategy of Shanghai with the guiding principle of respecting the connotation of new household registration system.     

家务劳动再分配的政策探索——日本“高龄女性贫困”问题的反思

进入深度老龄化社会的日本,高龄女性贫困的倾向日渐凸显。究其政策原因,在于长期以来优先对经济发展投资,将育儿养老等再生产领域的社会支出压缩到最低限度。由此形成的男性参与社会经济活动从事有酬劳动、女性承担再生产领域的家务劳动从事无酬劳动的格局,虽然使日本创造了快速经济发展的奇迹,但其代价是牺牲了一代女性参与政治、经济、社会活动的权利与机遇,并引发了当前的高龄女性贫困问题。近年来,日本注重探索家务劳动再分配政策路径,通过推进男女机会平等政策改革,提高家庭福利水平,改善女性劳动环境,防止高龄女性贫困问题继续蔓延。     

户籍制度与流动人口福利权益的平等保障

我国户籍制度的变革是与国家的工业化和城市化战略紧密相连的。在城乡二元格局下，当前的户籍制度改革促进了公民迁徙自由权以及劳动和社会保障权的发展。但是由于这种改革更多地是从城市经济的发展角度来设计的，因而在整体上忽视了对外来流动人口的劳动和社会保障权益的维护。面对我国当前城市保障能力有限的事实，地方政府可以依据某种立法分类来实行“有差别”的平等保障。     

RACE,FRIENDSHIP NETWORKS,AND VIOLENT DELINQUENCY

Although a growing body of literature emphasizes the role of friendship networks and peer relations for youth involvement in violence and delinquency, little research has examined the role of friendship networks in understanding the varying involvement of different racial‐ethnic groups in violence. Using data from approximately 13,000 respondents to the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we explore the ability of friendship networks to account for the differential rates of violence among racial‐ethnic groups. In addition, we evaluate whether race moderates the degree to which friendship characteristics predict adolescent violence. Findings indicate significant differences in the structure and behavioral orientation of friendship networks across racial‐ethnic identities. Moreover, incorporating characteristics of friendship networks into multivariate analyses accounts for greater involvement in violence among black and Hispanic youths. Network racial heterogeneity and friends' popularity also emerge as particular network characteristics that operate differently for black and white youth.     

论户籍改革与迁徙自由

迁徙自由权是公民的一项基本人权,但是长期以来计划经济体制使我国对迁徙自由采取了限制态度。在宪法上明确公民的迁徙自由,是社会主义市场经济的需要,也是现代民主政治的必然要求。取消农业人口和非农业人口的差别性规定、建立统一的可以流通的户籍管理制度、实现迁徙自由是我国户籍制度改革的方向。通过户籍改革,可为迁徙自由的实现创造条件。     

我国“劳动法”与CPTPP劳工条款接合的法律方案研究

我国“劳动法”对接CPTPP劳工条款有利于我国融入国际经贸规则体系,也有利于避免社会倾销调查。我国“劳动法”对接CPTPP劳工条款的制度框架包括原则性条款、实体权利条款、组织性条款、实施条款和纠纷解决条款。我国“劳动法”与CPTPP劳工条款接合的法律方案可分为国际和国内两个层面。国际层面可利用双边协议争取劳工标准实施的缓冲期、利用程序性规定防止争端解决程序滥用、适时推进结社权和集体谈判权相关公约的批准。国内层面可在海南自贸港提前试行CPTPP劳工规则：在强迫劳动方面,重点推动服刑人员报酬制度改革;在职业歧视方面,重点推动户籍制度改革以消除基于户籍的制度性歧视;在结社权和集体谈判权方面,可参考借鉴CPTPP缔约国越南和新加坡的经验。