洛阳市生态环境问题成因分析及改善对策

通过系统研究,定量分析了洛阳市2000-2002年3年间环境空气与水环境污染现状,系统探讨了该市城市化进程中出现的主要环境问题,并运用生态景观异质性理论和方法,结合实际调查,分析了生态环境问题形成的主要原因,提出了洛阳市改善生态环境与可持续发展对策.     

从二元到一元:城乡社会结构转换的政策取向

要实现城乡社会结构从二元到一元的转换，就必须选择适宜的社会政策，即：改革户籍制度，选择城市化发展道路，消解城乡二元社会保障结构，建立城乡统筹就业体制。     

我国户籍制度改革的构想

近年来,有些地方进行了户籍制度改革试验。但是由于制度上的障碍、利益集团的博弈,资源上的匮乏、政策上的阻碍等,户籍制度改革面临着难点。我国应当建立全国统一的户口登记管理制度,实现公民身份的真正平等,注意改革的力度和顺序,对人事、教育、医疗等制度进行相应的改革,剥离现行户籍制度的社会福利和其它社会功能,促进户籍管理的法制化,建立城乡统筹、行政控制和市场推进相结合的体现平等和实现迁徙自由的户籍制度。     

Old people in Polish cities in the late eighteenth century

The issue of old age as a period in life of a person in the cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was not widely discussed in historic literature of the past. This was due, to a large extent, to the beliefs of the researchers regarding the difficulty in capturing this phenomenon in light of rather Modest statistical sources. This study is, therefore, an attempt to scrutinise the mechanisms behind the functioning of city communities in the territories of central Poland in the late-feudal age on a basic level - the level of the smallest social unit and its economic base, i.e. the household, based on handwritten civil-military censuses from 1791-1792. The author is interested in the living situation of old people, their sizes and gender proportions in cities varying in size: from small to large ones in the second half of the 18th century. The article presents the dependencies between the age and position of men and women in the household and the proportions of old people being heads of households. Using the typology by Peter Laslett a model of a household ran by old people was shown against the background of a general structure of households in cities. The last part of the text concerns the size of households ran by old people, taking into account the social status, and their position within the family. The analysis of the censuses does not allow to determine any clear difference of living through old age in Polish cities in the 18th century in comparison to the regions which are attributed a ’unique’ model of European forms of family. The structural similarity of old age seen in Polish cities is closer to the model observed in cities of western than of eastern Europe.     

Intra-party heterogeneity and voter perceptions of party positions

Do voters correctly perceive left-right positions of political parties? This question received considerable attention in the literature in the past decades. Previous research has shown that most voters have somewhat ‘correct’ perceptions of where parties are located on a left-right dimension, but that both individual and party level factors influence how much those perceptions deviate from the real positions. This paper adds to this literature, relaxing the unitary actor assumption and introducing heterogeneity to the analysis. Using data from elite surveys to measure intraparty preference heterogeneity on two dimensions, I demonstrate that voters' misperceptions of party positions strongly increase the more heterogeneous the positions of party elites are on the economic dimension, but not on the sociocultural dimension, and that the effect size depends on how salient this dimension is for the party. The findings have implications for future research on mass-elite linkages, representation, as well as voting behavior.     

“宅基地换房”——天津户籍制度改革的有益尝试

随着改革开放的深入和经济社会的发展,农村的城镇化已成为不可逆转之势。全国各地农村在推进小城镇建设中模式各异,天津市正在探索一条以宅基地换房建设示范小城镇的新路子,而户籍制度作为城乡二元结构的突出表现形式已面临着全面改革的阶段。本文综合考察了天津市各示范镇认为,以＂宅基地换房＂的办法是天津户籍制度改革的有益尝试。     

户籍制度改革与地方政府的职能转变——以郑州户籍制度改革为例

2001—2005年的郑州户籍制度改革发生在全国户籍制度改革的大背景下,其在改革过程中存在着三组矛盾:实现社会公平与官员追求政绩的矛盾、户口束缚解除与财政支出增加的矛盾、领导决定与公民参与的矛盾。这三组矛盾在一定程度上暴露出政府在政治过程中的职能缺位,所以,地方政府制度创新的基础是政府职能的转变,地方政府要树立责任政府、服务政府与透明政府的观念,并将之付诸实践。     

Decision rules,membership and political centralization in the European Union

The decision to enter the European Union is based on a comparison of the costs of staying out and going it alone, and the costs membership. The latter depend on the degree of preference heterogeneity between prospective members and the Union as well as the decision rules employed for “constitutional” decisions. The same calculus guides the decision, by member states, to shift policies up to the Union level, only now the decision rules refer to centrally assigned policies. Preference heterogeneity makes more inclusive rules optimal in either case while at the same time reducing the attractiveness of membership or the centralization of policies to the EU level, respectively. The analysis complements and extends both traditional fiscal federalism literature as well as the more recent political economics literature on federalism.

我国“劳动法”与CPTPP劳工条款接合的法律方案研究

我国“劳动法”对接CPTPP劳工条款有利于我国融入国际经贸规则体系,也有利于避免社会倾销调查。我国“劳动法”对接CPTPP劳工条款的制度框架包括原则性条款、实体权利条款、组织性条款、实施条款和纠纷解决条款。我国“劳动法”与CPTPP劳工条款接合的法律方案可分为国际和国内两个层面。国际层面可利用双边协议争取劳工标准实施的缓冲期、利用程序性规定防止争端解决程序滥用、适时推进结社权和集体谈判权相关公约的批准。国内层面可在海南自贸港提前试行CPTPP劳工规则：在强迫劳动方面,重点推动服刑人员报酬制度改革;在职业歧视方面,重点推动户籍制度改革以消除基于户籍的制度性歧视;在结社权和集体谈判权方面,可参考借鉴CPTPP缔约国越南和新加坡的经验。