Becoming widowed

This article discusses the characteristics of widowhood in early 19th-century Austria, focusing on the sources of economic support. Higher proportions of the widowed population were found in inmate than in tenant households, and more women than men were widowed. Widows were more likely to live on their own than adults in general were, indicating that many widows could support their households from their own resources. For 40% of the widows, however, familial support was available in the form of a coresident extended household. Tenant households with greater resources at their disposal were better able to offer this form of support than inmate households. Less than 1% of tenant widows lived alone. Longitudinal data were analyzed to determine the relative frequency with which tenant and inmate widows succeeded their late husbands as household heads, remarried, or retired to become the mothers or mothers-in-law of the new household heads.     

贵州农户消费行为研究——基于贵州10村800户的调查

消费者行为的变化是经济研究中一个重要的组成部分,文章重点围绕贵州农村固定观察点10村800农户及家庭成员的消费行为进行探讨,具体从农户名义消费水平及变动趋势,农户实际食品消费水平及变动趋势,农户实际住房消费水平及变动趋势,农户实际耐用品消费水平等方面来分析。从分析结果看,贵州10村农户的生活水平有了比较大的变化,已由温饱型上升到目前的奔小康型。     

An Exploratory Analysis of Fertility Differentials in India

The association between improving economic conditions and declining growth of population has led economists and demographers to hypothesise a direct relationship between indicators of economic development and fertility rates. Using recent National Family Health Survey data and the 1991 Census to explore factors contributing to fertility rates in India, we found that economic variables explain 70 per cent of the interstate variations in India's fertility rates. However, several non-economic variables explain an even greater proportion, for example, indicators of female autonomy explain 84 per cent of the variations. Our analysis demonstrates that to successfully explain Indian fertility rates, models must rely heavily on non-economic variables.     

The spatial division of labour in Nepal

This article examines how economic activity and market participation are distributed across space. Applying a nonparametric von Thünen model to Nepalese data, we uncover a strong spatial division of labour. Non-farm employment is concentrated in and around cities while agricultural wage employment dominates villages located further away. Vegetables are produced near urban centres; paddy and commercial crops are more important at intermediate distances. Isolated villages revert to self-subsistence. Findings are consistent with the von Thünen model of concentric specialisation, corrected to account for city size. Spatial division of labour is closely related to factor endowments and household characteristics, especially at the local level.     

The discipline of difference: Ethnolinguistic heterogeneity and corporal punishment

The minority threat hypothesis contends that growth in the size of a given minority population along with the ensuing competition for social and political resources will threaten existing social power arrangements. Regarding punishment specifically, the hypothesis states that dominant groups will support coercive measures to keep minority populations sufficiently oppressed. Using the minority threat hypothesis as our theoretical foundation, we posit that the more heterogeneous a population, the more social control will be necessary to maintain societal equilibrium for those in power. In effect a more personal, physical, and visceral response to criminal behavior will be deemed necessary in countries with high levels of fractionalization. This more focused form of social discipline will manifest as corporal punishment. Comparing modalities of punishment against varying population characteristics, we find that countries with higher levels of ethnic, linguistic, and religious fractionalization are more likely to employ corporal punishment against criminal offenders.     

新形势下公民迁徙自由的保护及现实路径

在国际社会和各国宪法中,迁徙自由一直作为一项基本权利得到保护。1982年宪法没有恢复1975年宪法删除的公民迁徙自由条款,我国公民迁徙自由经历了肯定——否定——松动的过程,迁徙自由条款的发展变化是和社会发展状况息息相关的,在社会主义市场经济和城镇化进程的新形势下,保障公民迁徙自由、改革不合理的户籍制度成为越来越紧迫的要求。恢复迁徙自由在宪法中的地位,废除户籍登记条例,制定新的户籍法,为保障公民迁徙自由提供法律保障和制度支撑。     

对我国户籍制度改革价值取向的反思

价值取向规定着户籍制度改革的理性方向和价值认同。城镇化是当前我国户籍制度改革的价值取向。本文通过对公民权利、市场经济、城镇化本身以及改革内生性四个层面的分析 ,认为户籍制度改革的价值取向不应该是城镇化 ,而应该重新界定为人口迁徙的自由。     

论人工生育子女的法律地位

人工生育技术的出现改变了人们的生育观念和道德观念,它一方面给不孕不育夫妇带来了福音,另一方面也带来了一系列的道德问题、伦理问题和法律问题,使得自然生殖下确定亲子关系的原则受到挑战。为了明确父母的权利义务,保障人工生育子女的合法利益,确定人工生育子女的法律地位问题显得尤为重要。人工生育区分成三种情况,各种情形下人工生育子女的法律地位,世界各国立法的规定以及学者们主张和学说。     

Déjà vu All Over Again: Investigating Temporal Continuity of Adolescent Victimization

An important theoretical issue in the study of criminal victimization focuses on state dependence or the extent to which prior victimization causally affects subsequent victimization. Framing this issue are two conceptual arguments that posit divergent predictions regarding the impact of past victimization. While “victim labeling” suggests that the experience of prior victimization increases victimization in the future, “victim rationality” suggests that past victimization decreases subsequent victimization. To date there has been little longitudinal research that explicitly evaluates these competing viewpoints. In response, the current study uses panel data from a sample of adolescents to assess the merit of these opposing theoretical frameworks. Against this theoretical backdrop, it is shown that prevailing strategies for the analysis of panel data—random-effects and fixed-effects—produce erroneous results that add confusion to the debate regarding the nature of state dependence processes in criminal victimization. Drawing from advances in econometrics, two estimators that can overcome the problems that plague more traditional panel data models are used to provide a test of the competing victimization perspectives. Results from those analyses suggest support for the thesis that past victimization increases subsequent victimization, but the magnitude of this positive relationship is more modest than is indicated by analytic models that have been utilized in prior longitudinal victimization research.

多类别养老保险对居民家庭消费影响的对比研究

在老龄化不断加深、居民消费率增长缓慢、消费需求日益多元化的背景下,研究不同类别养老保险对居民家庭消费水平和消费结构的影响日益重要。采用CGSS(2015)调查数据,使用倾向值匹配(PSM)回归模型,分析不同类别养老保险对居民家庭消费水平和消费结构的影响及内在机制,研究发现:参加基本养老保险和商业性养老保险均会显著增加居民家庭总消费、生存性消费和发展性消费,基本养老保险和商业性养老保险对发展性消费的增加效应均大于生存性消费;参加商业性养老保险对居民家庭总消费、生存性消费和发展性消费的增加效应大于基本养老保险;养老保险影响居民家庭消费的核心机制是居民的总收入以及再分配偏好。为拉动居民消费,应把第三支柱的个人养老金缴费纳入个人所得税专项或专项附加扣除;提高基础养老金的水平,进一步落实养老金水平的动态调整机制。