There's more to it than data protection – Fundamental rights,privacy and the personal/household exemption in the digital age

Heated debates triggered by the plans to introduce the “right to be forgotten” exposed problems the all-encompassing application of rules on data processing may cause in practice. The purpose of this article is to discuss the compatibility of these rules with the rapidly evolving online environment in the context of the need to guarantee human rights on the internet. The author argues that there is an imbalance in the protection of individual rights online. It results from the limited application of personal/household exception and, in general, the narrow understanding of the concept of online privacy. According to the author in order for data protection laws to flesh out not only the fundamental right of data protection, but also play a mediatory role in balancing other rights, the application of the personal/household exception should be extended to include private online activities. This would reflect the complex character of the very concept of online privacy, diversity of actors and activities shaping online “territories”, as well as the increasingly heterogeneous fabric of the Web.     

The effect of social status on women's age at first childbirth in the late seventeenth- to early eighteenth-century Korea

While records on historical population are available and do exist, the fact that they are so limited in nature is a critical problem. We applied the method of family reconstitution to a Korean household register to deal with these limitations. Based on family reconstitution from five successive registers, we calculated women's age at first childbirth for each social status in two ways: “observed woman's age” at first childbirth = woman's current age–age of her first child, and “estimated woman's age” at first childbirth, which uses linear regression analysis on the basis of positive association between women's age and the age of their firstborn. Our results shed light on the effects of social status and cultural factors on the age at which women in pre-industrial Korea bore their first child.     

Eastward Enlargement of the European Union and the Identity of Europe

The constitution of a European demos with a collective identity is one of the preconditions for adjusting the legitimacy problem of the European Union (EU). The analysis attempts to clarify empirically whether there is sufficient commonality regarding Europeans' political value orientations to substantiate a collective identity. Particularly in view of the European Union's eastward enlargement, the question arises whether widespread cultural heterogeneity in Europe allows the formation of a European demos at all. In Europe we can identify a West-East axis of political value orientations. Democratic attitudes decrease the further to the East while at the same time there is an increase in etatist orientations. Thresholds can be observed which distinguish Western European countries on the one hand and Central and Eastern European countries on the other. Within the group of Central and Eastern Europe a further distinction can be made between the three Slavic republics of the former Soviet Union and the rest of the countries. These findings support Huntington's theory of civilisations.     

The Soviet constitution

Text Reviewed:

Pierre et Marie Lavigne Regards sur la Constitution sovietique de 1977, Economica, Collection Politique Comparée, Paris 1979.     

论公共利益之合理界定——以“中国最牛的钉子户”为视角

公共利益理念是行政执法中的核心理念，然而，目前学界对其认识不够理想。对于公共利益的界定、公共利益与公民个人利益的冲突、公共利益认定的程序等问题也缺乏相应的研究。笔者认为。在以公共利益之名行使行政职权时，应当从实体方面和程序方面界定公共利益，赋予公民一定的救济权利和救济途径，充分尊重和保护公民的基本生存权。     

Diversity,identity, and the indeterminacy of the size of nations

Recently economists have explored the impact of ethnic and social diversity on nation size and on the relative efficacy of the production of private and public goods. In a neoclassical framework with perfect and complete information, diversity increases the costs of government, and both the size of government and of the nation are limited. The paper proposes an alternative evolutionary framework building on the economics of identity. With imperfect and incomplete information, the relation between nation size and diversity is indeterminate, because heterogeneity plays an important role for the coordination among actors, and because political organization is crucial for the endogenous formation of preferences.      

集体成员权的界定与保障——以农村土地权益为例

随着城市化进程的加快、土地价值的猛增，涉及集体组织成员资格的利益分配问题成为各方争议的焦点。合理界定集体成员资格，保障成员合法的土地权益，需要完善立法、体制、司法等，转变所有制实现形式，使集体土地收益在合理的范围内进行有效分配。     

Division of Household Labor and Perceived Justice: A Growing Field of Research

The research on the perception of fairness and justice of the division of household labor is reviewed. The first part briefly summarizes the main findings about the division of housework, and the main explanations that account for the imbalance between women and men. The following review of studies on the perception of justice of the division of housework is subdivided in two parts. The first subsection deals with studies that considered justice evaluations as the dependent variable and explored factors that contribute to the perception of injustice. The second subsection focuses on studies that considered perception of fairness as the independent variable and explored associations between perceptions of injustice and other consequences of the division of housework. The third part comments critically on the available research and suggests potentially fruitful lines and questions of future research.     

我国现行户籍制度的成因及其影响

户籍制度是我国自1958年以来就开始实施的一项人口管理政策。形成户籍制度的根本目的是为了满足计划体制对社会管理的需要。虽然户籍制度的实施为计划经济奠定了重要社会基础，但同时也间接地造成我国城乡之间二元对立的社会格局。     

The Battle for Baghdad: Testing Hypotheses About Insurgency From Risk Heterogeneity,Repeat Victimization,and Denial Policing Approaches

The Iraqi Insurgency (2003–2011) has commonly been characterized as demonstrating the tendency for violence to cluster and diffuse at the local level. Recent research has demonstrated that insurgent attacks in Iraq cluster in time and space in a manner similar to that observed for the spread of a disease. The current study employs a variety of approaches common to the scientific study of criminal activities to advance our understanding of the correlates of observed patterns of the incidence and contagion of insurgent attacks. We hypothesize that the precise patterns will vary from one place to another, but that more attacks will occur in areas that are heavily populated, where coalition forces are active, and along road networks. To test these hypotheses, we use a fishnet to build a geographical model of Baghdad that disaggregates the city into more than 3000 grid cell locations. A number of logistic regression models with spatial and temporal lags are employed to explore patterns of local escalation and diffusion. These models demonstrate the validity of arguments under each of three models but suggest, overall, that risk heterogeneity arguments provide the most compelling and consistent account of the location of insurgency. In particular, the results demonstrate that violence is most likely at locations with greater population levels, higher density of roads, and military garrisons.