脱落上皮细胞类生物检材的自动化提取

目的建立一种自动化提取脱落上皮细胞类生物检材DNA的方法。方法附着于不同载体上的脱落上皮细胞类生物检材共278份,应用Eppendorf epMotion 5075LH工作站结合DNA IQTM系统提取模板DNA,并用Identifiler试剂盒进行STR检验。结果在278份被检的生物检材,其中126份检材获得13个基因座以上的STR分型,不同类型的检材其检出率不相同,最高达73.44%,最低为10.89%。结论脱落上皮细胞类检材应用自动化工作站提取DNA模板可在法医日常检案中广泛应用。     

《刑法修正案(八)》器官犯罪规定之解析

《刑法修正案(八)》第35条增设了有关器官犯罪的规定,其核心内容是新增了一个罪名。该罪名应确定为组织出卖人体器官罪。该罪中的人体器官既包括《人体器官移植条例》所指的器官的全部或者部分,也应包括角膜等人体组织。本罪客观方面表现为组织出卖他人人体器官的行为,主体是一般主体,主观方面是故意。非法摘取活体器官与尸体器官的行为不构成该罪,应视其情况分别认定为故意杀人罪、故意伤害罪或盗窃、侮辱尸体罪。     

人权基本概念的演变与人权发展历程

人权是我们这个时代的共同话语,同时也是一个深刻、敏感并极富争议性的论题,其中人权概念就是一个必须认真对待的基本问题。现代人权概念是一个历时性与共时性相互作用的产物。在人类的人权发展史上,曾先后出现过人权的几个基本概念,厘清这些概念将有助于我们理解人权概念本身的演变及其内涵与外延的丰富与发展过程。它们从某个角度记载了人权事业发展的曲折艰难历程和人类在人权事业上不断进步的足迹。     

Subjectivity and bias in forensic DNA mixture interpretation

The objectivity of forensic science decision making has received increased attention and scrutiny. However, there are only a few published studies experimentally addressing the potential for contextual bias. Because of the esteem of DNA evidence, it is important to study and assess the impact of subjectivity and bias on DNA mixture interpretation. The study reported here presents empirical data suggesting that DNA mixture interpretation is subjective. When 17 North American expert DNA examiners were asked for their interpretation of data from an adjudicated criminal case in that jurisdiction, they produced inconsistent interpretations. Furthermore, the majority of 'context free' experts disagreed with the laboratory's pre-trial conclusions, suggesting that the extraneous context of the criminal case may have influenced the interpretation of the DNA evidence, thereby showing a biasing effect of contextual information in DNA mixture interpretation.     

论气候变化对人权国际保护的影响

气候变化与人权国际保护都是当代国际法的热点问题,全球性、长期性与政治性是二者的共同特征。气候变化对人类社会和自然界的影响是多层次的,而它对人权国际保护的影响涉及国家安全、人道主义问题、发展权、健康权以及国际关系的调整等各个方面。中国作为全球温室气体排放大国,应转变观念,从战略高度重视气候变化问题;同时,还要加强国际合作,重视应对气候变化中的发展权,并加强与气候变化有关的法制建设。     

Evaluation of amylase testing as a tool for saliva screening of crime scene trace swabs

Amylase testing has been used as a presumptive test for crime scene saliva for over three decades, mainly to locate saliva stains on surfaces. We have developed a saliva screening application for crime scene trace swabs, utilising an amylase sensitive paper (Phadebas^® Forensic Press test). Positive results were obtained for all tested dried saliva stains (0.5–32 μL) with high or intermediate amylase activity (840 and 290 kU/L). Results were typically obtained within 5 min, and all samples that produced DNA profiles were positive. However, salivary amylase activities, as well as DNA concentrations, vary significantly between individuals. We show that there is no correlation between amylase activity and amount of DNA in fresh saliva. Even so, a positive amylase result indicates presence of saliva, and thereby presence of DNA. Amylase testing may be useful for screening in investigations where the number of DNA analyses is limited due to cost, e.g., in volume crime.     

侦查阶段律师在场权制度的理性思考

侦查阶段是整个刑事诉讼过程的基础,只有保证侦查的公正,才能实现审判的公正。在侦查阶段能不能赋予律师在场权,与国家社会经济发展水平、刑事法治传统与现状等密切相关。侦查阶段律师在场权制度固然具有积极作用,但从我国诉讼价值和政策的实现、引入的理由、侦查机关对口供的依赖性和影响其建立的其他因素等方面分析可以看出,目前在我国建立该制度的条件尚不具备,故对侦查阶段律师在场权应当持慎重的态度,并通过建立相关替代措施来加以解决。     

论实践的方法论与人的发展

马克思主义哲学从本质上来讲是实践的,之所以是这样,是因为马克思思考相关哲学问题的思维方式和思维逻辑——路径和方法是实践的。因而,探讨马克思主义哲学形成的前提——实践的方法论,不仅有利于我们更好地把握马克思主义哲学的精神实质,而且有利于我们更好地去认识和改造这个世界,从而进一步促进人的发展。     

论《刑法修正案（八）》中的人体器官犯罪

在《刑法修正案（八）》颁布之前,对非法买卖人体器官行为以非法经营罪加以认定,可以说是在法律未对非法买卖人体器官犯罪加以明确规定的情况下司法机关所采取的权宜之计。《刑法修正案（八）》对人体器官犯罪的规制,有助于从根本上惩治人体器官犯罪,强化刑法对民生的保护。《刑法修正案（八）》第37条所规定的人体器官犯罪涵盖了组织出卖人体器官罪、故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪和盗窃、侮辱尸体罪等四种犯罪。作为人体器官犯罪的对象,人体器官既包括活体器官,也涵盖尸体器官,但不包括同属人体材料的人体组织和人体细胞。在＂摘取未满18周岁的人的器官＂的场合,只有在行为人明知被害人未满18周岁的情况下才能认定故意的成立。《刑法修正案（八）》未将单位规定为人体器官犯罪的主体,且在对精神病人人体器官的特殊保护方面处于缺位状态,这实属立法缺憾。     

Romania and EUrope: Roma,Rroma and Ţigani as sites for the contestation of ethno-national identities

ABSTRACT

In November 2002 a Romanian journalist published an editorial attacking the Romanian authorities for 'playing the democratic card' and failing to prevent 'thieves, hooligans and criminals' from going to the West and disgracing all Romanians. The journalist, Lia Epure, entitled her article 'Rromania', a play on the Romanian government's spelling of Roma (i.e. 'Rroma'), and concluded that, if Romanians 'continue to accept identification with abnormals, then we will be become Rromania'. In response to vocal Romani and human rights group protests, Epure published a second article defending her right to say what 'even the president of the European Commission knows', that Romanians are not accepted as EUropean 'because of ?igani'. Woodcock explores how both elite and popular levels of Romanian discourse blame Romania's continued marginalization in EUrope on the actions of the ?igan, a fantastic Other, historically constructed out of ethno-nationalist Romanian discourses at moments of crisis for national identity. The discursive struggles for meaning with regard to the constructed ethnic Other highlight the paradox of post-socialist Romanian ethno-nationalism in an era of European Union accession: in order to be recognized as EUropean, Romanian discourse must relinquish the ?igan Other, even when it is this precise construction that has historically enabled Romania to claim a European identity.