Examining Space–Time Interaction in City-Level Homicide Data: Crack Markets and the Diffusion of Guns Among Youth

This paper examines the linkage between crack market activity and gunhomicide suggested by Blumstein (1995), who argues that the arrival ofcrack stimulated an increased availability of guns among juveniles. Thisgreater availability of guns, the argument continues, is responsible for thesharp upswing in juvenile homicide experienced in the United States in themid-1980s. Using city-level data on crack arrests and gun-related juvenilehomicide, we fit a change-point version of the Bass (1969) model ofinnovation diffusion. We find that, in most large American cities, thediffusion process for crack cocaine experienced an onset of dramatic growththat was followed by a similar, slightly slower growth in gun homicidescommitted by juveniles. We further use cluster analysis to find that thespatial patterning of the two processes is similar, starting on the East andWest Coasts and working their way toward other regions of the nation. Gunuse in homicide among slightly older offenders (ages 18–24) alsoexperienced a change at roughly the same time as the juveniles, but the rateof diffusion was considerably milder than for the younger group; offendersages 25 or older generally show no growth in gun-related homicide whatsoever. In addition, there is no detectable surge in juvenile nongun homicide activity. Based on these findings, we conclude that the crack cocaine markets–gun availability linkage is highly plausible, and we suggest directions for future research in clarifying the dynamics of the late-1980s surge in juvenile homicide.     

浅谈毒品犯罪的发展趋势

毒品犯罪的发展趋势主要有毒源种植地和生产地不断扩大;吸毒人数和毒品贸易猛增,社会危害越来越大;毒品种类与日俱增和新型毒品不断涌现;毒品贩卖形式多样化、系统化、现代化.     

社区戒毒模式研究——基于多元整合视角的实证分析

吸毒人群的戒毒问题是一个世界性难题，是一个多元干预手段环环相扣的综合性问题，因此，对吸毒人群戒毒的干预、康复和矫治工作，关键是将关沙酮社区维持治疗（生理）、人格重塑、提升吸毒人群拒绝毒品的自我效能感（心理）、家庭治疗（家庭支持）和社区戒毒、帮教（禁毒社会工作者帮扶）相结合，使每个环节无缝连接，才有可能从根本上帮助吸毒人群戒除毒瘾。因此，本研究就是要对“生理——心理——社会”的综合性干预模式的可行性、有效性进行评估。本研究基于笔者在南京市关沙酮维持治疗中心完成的300份问卷调查和南京市秦淮区187位社区戒毒人员的问卷调查；基于对14位秦淮区禁毒社工，10位戒毒人员家属的个案访谈而开展。     

试论毒品犯罪与社会化治理

毒品严重危害人类健康和社会安宁。现已成为政府和社会各界密切关注的社会问题。毒品犯罪有其特定的社会因素。在治理中必须加强社会主义文化建设；加大宣传力度，搞好新型毒品的预防教育；加强对娱乐场所的管控。消除毒品泛滥的渠道；加快经济发展，完善社会保障，狠抓禁吸强戒工作；加大打击力度，发挥专门机关的职能作用；铲除境外毒源，与周边各国协作，共同打击毒品犯罪。     

侦办毒品犯罪案件应注意的五个问题

毒品犯罪组织严密，作案隐蔽，分工明确，不同于一般的刑事案件。要提高打击毒品犯罪的针对性和实效性，尤其要注意下述具体问题：准确捕捉和把握抓捕犯罪嫌疑人的最佳时机；正确掌握和使用“假买”的侦查方法；科学判定犯罪嫌疑人的主观“明知”；全面收集和固定犯罪证据；有效物建和使用缉毒特情。     

论加强海关缉毒国际合作

全球性的毒品泛滥愈演愈烈,对人类的生存和社会的发展构成了严重的威胁。尽管各国海关国际缉毒执法合作已取得了很大的成绩,但其中也存在不少问题。面对世界性的毒品危机,必须采取全球性禁毒战略,加强各国政府,尤其是加强海关之间的禁缉毒合作。     

遏制毒品犯罪的刑法完善探讨

面对当前我国及全球反毒品斗争的实际情况和经验,在检讨我国现行毒品犯罪的立法缺陷的基础上,提出了完善我国毒品犯罪的刑事对策,具体包括:增设抢劫、抢夺、盗窃、诈骗毒品罪,介绍买卖毒品罪,扩大非法提供毒品罪的主体,提高强迫他人吸毒罪的法定刑,降低非法持有毒品罪的法定刑,提出"以日常生活中吸食毒品的通常最低含量折算"的折算办法以及完善毒品犯罪的减刑与假释程序等。     

Toxicology and Circumstances of Completed Suicide by Means Other than Overdose*

Abstract: To determine the prevalence and circumstances of psychoactive substances amongst nonoverdose completed suicide, 1436 consecutive cases autopsied at the NSW Department of Forensic Medicine over the period 1/1/1997–12/31/2006 were analyzed. Substances were detected in 67.2% of cases, and illicit drugs in 20.1%. Alcohol was present in 40.6% of cases. Males were more likely to be positive for alcohol, cannabis, and psychostimulants, and females for pharmaceuticals. Illicits were associated with younger age. Alcohol was most prominent amongst toxicity cases, as were opioids, psychostimulants amongst gunshot cases, and pharmaceuticals amongst drownings. Cases in which drug and alcohol histories were noted were more likely to have a substance detected. Alcohol was more common where a suicide note was left and where relationship problems were involved. Pharmaceuticals were more common where a previous attempt was noted. Licit and illicit substances are strongly associated with suicide, even when the method does not involve drug overdose.     

广西专业市场规划建设的经验及启示

大力发展专业市场对扩大内需,拉动消费,培育新的经济增长点,促进产业结构调整,完善城市功能等具有十分重要的意义。在对南宁、柳州、贵港、玉林四市专业市场规划建设进行充分调研的基础上,文章总结出了专业市场规划建设的一整套行之有效的经验,为新兴城市加快专业市场的规划建设提供了若干可供咨鉴的启示。     

吸毒成瘾认定标准的基本架构——兼评《吸毒成瘾认定办法》

吸毒成瘾的标准,国际医学界持"病态说"的观点,但在中国适用的标准有着不凡的历程。公复[1998]3号文对吸毒成瘾采用"行为说"标准,规定只要有证据证明有吸毒行为就可认定为吸毒成瘾。随着"采取各种措施帮助吸毒人员戒除毒瘾,教育和挽救吸毒人员"的戒毒方针在《禁毒法》中的确立,《吸毒成瘾认定办法》也从医学角度对吸毒成瘾进行了重新审视,采纳了吸毒成瘾"病态说"的观点。