软性毒品犯罪非罪化研究

作为全球三大公害之一的毒品问题,近几年在我国有愈演愈烈之势,与毒品作斗争已成为一项非常紧迫的任务。为了在打击毒品犯罪中取得更好的效果,有必要对毒品犯罪的内容做进一步的分析。其中对有关软性毒品的犯罪,因其较小的危害性,应当将其从毒品犯罪中剔除。     

贩毒集团的亚文化

本文运用犯罪学的基础理论,通过分析贩毒集团之间、贩毒集团内部的亚文化,揭示了这种类型亚文化在贩毒集团中的运作模式,以及这类亚文化无情与虚伪的本质特征。     

Chlorinated Opium Alkaloid Derivatives Produced by the Use of Aqueous Sodium Hypochlorite During the Clandestine Manufacture of Heroin

Abstract:  A clandestine chemist was observed producing heroin from crude morphine utilizing a solution of sodium hypochlorite during the process. Numerous chlorinated opium alkaloid derivatives were created when the morphine acetylation reaction was quenched and neutralized with a solution of sodium hypochlorite and ammonium hydroxide. Four of these compounds, 1-chloroheroin, 1-chloroacetylcodeine, 1-chloro-O⁶-monoacetylmorphine, and 2'-chloropapaverine, were characterized via preparative isolation, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and independent synthesis. These chlorinated derivatives were formed via electrophilic aromatic substitution with free chlorine during the illicit process. Although no illicit heroin exhibits containing these compounds have been observed in seizures to date, mass spectral data are provided for several of these compounds for their identification should they be seen within future seizures of illicit heroin.     

The Stable Isotope Ratios of Marijuana. II. Strontium Isotopes Relate to Geographic Origin

Abstract:  Effectively addressing marijuana trade is aided by understanding marijuana geographic sources. We analyzed the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of marijuana samples grown in 79 counties across the United States to determine if a primary geologic signal is retained in marijuana, which could therefore be useful for geographic sourcing. The marijuana results were compared with modeled bedrock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values based on ⁸⁷Rb decay rates and a generalized geologic map of the U.S.A. A significant correlation was observed between marijuana ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and modeled bedrock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. Although values clustered near the 1:1 relationship, there was a predominance of positive anomalies, perhaps attributable to carbonate bedrock. A small number of negative anomalies were also observed, which were generally associated with granitic bedrocks. These results suggest that strontium isotopes in marijuana record the geographic origins of marijuana, and that refinement of the base strontium map (or strontium isoscape) and improved understanding of other strontium sources would be productive.     

Postmortem Detection of Hepatitis B,C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Genomes in Blood Samples from Drug‐Related Deaths in Denmark*

Abstract: Blood‐borne viral infections are widespread among injecting drug users; however, it is difficult to include these patients in serological surveys. Therefore, we developed a national surveillance program based on postmortem testing of persons whose deaths were drug related. Blood collected at autopsy was tested for anti‐HBc, anti‐HBs, anti‐hepatits C virus (HCV), or anti‐human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies using commercial kits. Subsets of seropositive samples were screened for viral genomes using sensitive in‐house and commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was detected in 20% (3/15) of anti‐HBc‐positive/anti‐HBs‐negative samples, HCV RNA was found in 64% (16/25) of anti‐HCV‐positive samples, and HIV RNA was detected in 40% (6/15) of anti‐HIV‐positive samples. The postmortem and antemortem prevalences of HBV DNA and HCV RNA were similar. Postmortem HIV RNA testing was less sensitive than antemortem testing. Thus, postmortem PCR analysis for HBV and HBC infection is feasible and relevant for demonstrating ongoing infections at death or for transmission analysis during outbreaks.     

TNFα检测在药物过敏性休克死因鉴定中的价值

目的分析某些药物过敏性休克致死者血清中肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNFα）检测水平的变化,探讨TNFα检测在药物过敏性休克死因鉴定中的应用价值。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法（ELISA）检测尸体心血中TNFα的水平。结果实验组TNFα检测值为（131.6±9.4）pg/mL,感染性疾病对照组TNFα检测值为（87.3±6.4）pg/mL,正常对照组TNFα检测值为（17.2±4.5）pg/mL,各组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论血清TNFα检测可以作为高度怀疑药物过敏性休克案例的死因鉴定的指标之一。     

Anion Identification via Complexation with meso‐octamethylcalix(4)pyrrole and Detection Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry*

Abstract: The routine identification of controlled substances and adulterants during forensic chemistry analysis often involves the identification of counter ions or salt forms present in an exhibit. Here, the use of the compound meso‐octamethylcalix(4)pyrrole (C4P) during salt‐form identification analysis is presented. C4P is a commercially‐available, anion‐binding agent that can be reacted with a controlled substance or adulterant, resulting in the sequestration of anionic species, usually present as counter ions to the active ingredient. Formation of noncovalent complexes between the cyclic host C4P compound and anionic guests is investigated using electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). Complexes with chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, and acetate are readily observed and mass spectrometry analysis provides identification via molecular weight characterization. Chloride and bromide complexes are also characterized by the isotopic distribution of their molecular ions. Formation of host–guest complexes is not observed for sulfate and phosphate salts, presumably due to steric hindrance and energetically unfavorable conditions.     

基于新药R＆D投资决策的药品安全问题研究

药品安全事故原因多种多样。本文从制药企业新药R＆D投资角度分析药品事故原因。通过分析,本文认为,中国目前的药品安全规制环境使得制药企业R＆D所谓的新药获得的收益与承担的风险严重不对称是药品安全问题严重的根源。     

毒品“再犯”思考

累犯与再犯间的关系是包容关系,再犯可再细分为累犯与其他再犯。刑法第356条在性质上属于是特别再犯即毒品再犯,而非毒品累犯或一般再犯。毒品再犯面临着如下三方面的困境,即毒品再犯与总则累犯(一般累犯与特别累犯)规定的协调问题;毒品累犯与毒品再犯"制度竞合"情形下的双重从重问题;毒品再犯前后罪罪刑不均衡问题。     

Characterization and Differentiation of Geometric Isomers of 3‐methylfentanyl Analogs by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The cis and trans isomers of 3‐methylfentanyl and its three analogs were chemically synthesized, and these compounds were characterized and differentiated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The cis and trans isomers of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs were completely separated by GC/MS. Although the high temperature of the GC injection port caused thermal degradation of β‐hydroxy‐3‐methylfentanyl, the degradation was completely suppressed by trimethylsilyl derivatization. The isomers were also well separated by LC/MS on an octadecylsilyl column with 10 mM ammonium acetate and methanol as the mobile phase. The proton NMR signals were split when the hydrochloride salts of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs were dissolved in deuterated chloroform because stereoisomers were formed by the coordination of the hydrochloride proton to the nitrogen of the piperidine ring of the 3‐methylfentanyl analogs.