Will the European Commission be able to standardise legal technology design without a legal method?

Privacy by Design (PbD) is a kind of precautionary legal technology design. It takes opportunities for fundamental rights without creating risks for them. Now the EU Commission “promised” to implement PbD with Art. 23(4) of its proposal of a General Data Protection Regulation. It suggests setting up a committee that can define technical standards for PbD. However the Commission did not keep its promise. Should it be left to the IT security experts who sit in the committee but do not have the legal expertise, to decide on our privacy or, by using overly detailed specifications, to prevent businesses from marketing innovative products? This paper asserts that the Commission's implementation of PbD is not acceptable as it stands and makes positive contributions for the work of a future PbD committee so that the Commission can keep its promise to introduce precautionary legal technology design.     

The Impact of a Risk Assessment Instrument on Juvenile Detention Decision-making: A Check on “Perceptual Shorthand” and “Going Rates”?

This study assesses the impact of a juvenile detention risk assessment instrument (RAI) on decision-making in five New Jersey counties. It uses a pretest–posttest design, drawing on a sample of decisions matched across time periods using propensity scores (N = 1,432). It suggests that the RAI, supported by other reforms, lowers overall rates of detention. Though evidence is not strong, findings suggest the RAI may have reduced reliance on “perceptual shorthand” variables reflected in the juvenile’s age and the time of day of the decision. There is stronger evidence that the RAI increased reliance on the specific factors contained within its risk score. There is also evidence that RAI reduced disparities in detention rates across counties, perhaps by diminishing the importance of “going rates” for detention, rooted in local courtroom workgroups.     

Developmental incompetence to stand trial in juvenile courts

Juveniles' competency to participate in delinquency proceedings has received increased attention in recent years. Developmental incompetence, whereby juveniles' incompetency is based upon their immaturity, as opposed to a mental disorder or developmental disability, is an evolving and important aspect of this area of law. The following paper reviews theories used to support the notion of developmental incompetence, as well as the extant empirical research on juveniles' competency-related abilities. Using a LexisNexis search, statutory and case laws pertaining to juvenile competency were identified across the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Only six states clearly allow developmental incompetence, whereas 17 have laws that do not include developmental immaturity as an acceptable basis of incompetence in juvenile courts. Developmental incompetence is likely to affect a relatively small proportion of juvenile cases, but has important implications for juvenile forensic practice. Recommendations are offered for forensic practitioners conducting this type of evaluation.     

论立法后评估常态化启动机制的构建

一项新制度能否持续开展并加以制度化,既取决于立法主体的共同认可和支持,也有赖于规范化程序的保障。立法后评估制度的推行不应当是立法机关临时性有选择地挑选某一部法律法规的"试检",而应当是以法确立的长效性的常态化制度。将基于有效期制度的立法后评估启动机制与基于评估预警期限制度的立法后评估启动机制有机衔接、相互配合,建立起规范化、持续性、常态化的立法后评估启动保障机制,可以有效避免立法后怠于评估和随意启动立法后评估的发生,从而充分发挥立法后评估机制在有效运用立法资源,提高立法质量方面的功效。     

IQ损伤值在智力损伤鉴定中的应用价值

目的探讨IQ损伤值评估在智力损伤鉴定中的应用价值。方法对266例智力损伤鉴定资料进行回顾性分析,采用"事前智力水平的估计方法"评估伤前IQ,按IQ损伤值(伤前与伤后IQ的差值)对智力损伤进行评定,并与根据原鉴定当时IQ评定的智力损伤结果及与专家意见进行比较。结果鉴定当时IQ评定结果与IQ损伤值评定结果不一致率为40.23%(107/266),二者一致性差(k=0.367);鉴定当时IQ评定结果与专家最终评定意见一致率为63.91%,而IQ损伤值评定结果与专家最终评定意见一致率为89.85%,一致性好于前者。结论在智力损伤鉴定中,根据IQ损伤值比根据鉴定当时IQ评定结果做出的鉴定结论更为科学。伤前IQ评估在智力损伤的司法鉴定中有较重要的应用价值。     

企业高层管理人员绩效考核：问题及对策

目前企业高层管理人员绩效考核存在考核机制与企业战略不相匹配、考核指标构建内容缺失、考核标准缺乏量化、考核完成后不重视结果的反馈与应用等问题,因此,需要采取一系列的措施加以改进：要制定与企业战略目标相一致的科学、有效的考核制度;注重考核指标构建内容的完整性;制定量化的计算标准;及时反馈与沟通,注重考核结果的应用。     

中国公共预算研究评估:2005-2010

本文对2005-2010年中国公共预算论文的总体状况进行了评估,分析近六年来哪些人在做公共预算研究,研究的数量与质量如何,以及政治学与行政学在该领域的研究状况。研究发现,近六年来我国公共预算特别是政治学与行政学视角下的论文在数量上有了较快的增长,但总体的研究质量还没有得到明显提升,专注于该领域研究的人员也较少。在研究质量上存在的问题主要有:没有遵循社会科学的研究方法与学术规范,大量的研究都是概念式、策论式和介绍性的,缺乏明确的问题意识,没有进行充分的文献评估甚至没有注明参考文献,缺乏理论假设与检验。     

交通伤后遗智力缺损或精神障碍伤残评定资质问题探讨

近年来,交通伤后遗智力缺损或精神障碍伤残评定日益增多,实际评残操作不规范,造成鉴定意见不一致经常发生,影响鉴定质量和交通事故处理。当前,部分鉴定机构及其鉴定人的资质问题已经受到交通事故处理机关的质疑,也引起司法鉴定管理部门的关注。对此,就精神伤残评定资质问题从程序规定角度和技术操作层面展开讨论,力图为精神伤残评定的规范操作提供一些思路。     

轻度闭合性头颅外伤致听力损害的研究

目的探讨轻度闭合性头颅外伤造成听力损害的特点,为法医临床学鉴定提供理论依据。方法选取51例轻度闭合性头颅外伤后听力损害的患者,经详细询问病史、耳科及神经系统全面检查、颞骨或头颅CT扫描,对纯音测听（pure tone audiometry,PTA）、声导抗（acoustic immittance,AT）、听性脑干反应（auditory brainstem response,ABR）及40Hz听觉相关电位（40Hz auditory event related potential,40Hz AERP）检查进行分析研究。结果轻度闭合性头颅外伤后听力损害多为感音神经性耳聋,听力损失程度多≤60dB,少数患者听力损失较重或为混合性聋,部分患者可伴耳鸣、眩晕、恶心或短暂呕吐等症状;伤后不同就诊时间的各项听力检查与正常对照组比较均有明显差异（P〈0.05）,听力损失在高频区明显;ABR各波潜伏期、波间期与正常对照组比较,Ⅰ～Ⅲ波间期差异不显著（P〉0.05）,各波潜伏期、Ⅲ～Ⅴ波间期、Ⅰ～Ⅴ波间期均有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论轻度闭合性头颅外伤可以造成一定程度的高频听力损害和脑干功能受损,部分患者伴有前庭功能障碍,结合临床表现及辅助检查,考虑迷路震荡在损伤机制中起着重要作用。     

试论干部培训院校教师考核评价机制创新

随着教师聘任制改革的不断深入，原有的考核评价机制已不适应新形势、新制度的要求，因而如何建构与创新干部培训院校教师考核评价机制的问题日益凸显。干部培训院校教师考核评价机制的创新，只有认真抓好制定科学规范的考核流程，科学构建教师的考评指标体系，进一步完善平时考核办法，以及建立、健全绩效考评结果的反馈制度等四个环节，才能做到使教师的考謦、评价更加准确、科学和客观。