刑事诉讼中司法审查机制的实证分析——以俄罗斯和我国台湾地区的司法改革为范例

法制变革国家和地区的司法审查实践的经验和教训有助于我们理性地看待建立我国刑事诉讼中的司法审查制度。我国台湾地区羁押权、搜查权收归"法院"的成功实践表明,司法审查机制能够成为保护被追诉者乃至普通公民免受国家权力无理侵犯的甲胄;俄罗斯建立法院对逮捕、羁押的司法审查机制的艰难实践却证明,司法审查制度最终得以实现需要突破重重难关,尤其是改变旧的权力格局,确立新的权力结构。我国刑事诉讼中确立并落实司法审查机制,同样需要完善错案追究、国家赔偿制度,实现司法独立、树立司法权威。     

问题、理念与规则：我国刑事程序系统的若干反思

我国目前的刑事程序系统存在诸多缺陷,导致其内部在某种程度上出现了结构失稳和功能失衡,影响了刑事诉讼整体功能的发挥。因此,有必要从理念更新和规则优化层面重构我国刑事程序系统,以促使其实现动态、平衡的发展。     

Factors in successful program implementation in Russia during the transition: pilot programs as a guide

While much of the implementation literature over the past several decades has recognised the importance of context (e.g. in issues of institutional culture, degree of hierarchy), little of the literature comparing the results of numerous program implementation experiences examines the experience of non‐Western contexts. This study seeks to partially fill this gap by applying the ‘conventional wisdom’ of implementation theory to program implementation experience in Russia. We analyse the implementation of 18 demonstration projects in Russia against 9 success factors identified in the implementation literature. Most of the pilots involved multiple cities; so there are a total of 48 city‐case observations to study. Overall, the findings are that the factors associated with successful program implementation among OECD countries are also those at work in Russia's transitional economy. The weights associated with the various factors may differ, however. One could imagine, for example, that political support counts for more in Russia than in the western local governments. One might also believe that opportunities for learning from other implementers could be more important in the West, where professional associations are more highly developed. The core finding of consistency should be valuable to administrators across transitional economies who can now refer to the rich findings of implementation research with greater confidence of its applicability to their programs. Perhaps equally important is the finding that some of the same factors predominantly associated with successful or troubled implementation in Russia have similar effects in implementation examples drawn from transition and developing nations; there are, however, some important differences. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于公安机关“追缴赃款赃物及退赃“措施的法律分析

赃款赃物的性质只能够由国家授权的特定司法机关或者行政执法机关通过法定程序作出的生效裁决来确定,这是认定赃款赃物在程序上的决定性要件。公安机关在侦查阶段不能够称其扣押或者调取的物品为赃款赃物,追缴赃款赃物更是荒谬,因为其本身没有法律依据。针对“赃款赃物”及其追缴措施,应当通过完善刑事诉讼法、制订有关司法解释来解决和完善。     

论我国上诉不加刑原则的完善

上诉不加刑原则是世界各国通用的原则 ,我国的上诉不加刑在司法实践中与审判监督程序相悖 ,从而淡化了被告人的上诉权 ,使上诉不加刑原则流于形式。为此 ,首先必须完善审判监督程序 ,实行有条件的不加刑 ;其次 ,刑事诉讼法应赋予公诉案件被害人的上诉权 ,平衡于被告人的上诉权。     

联合国反腐败公约中确立的刑事程序原则

《联合国反腐败公约》中确立了一系列与刑事诉讼程序相关的原则,在刑事执法主体方面主要明确了专门性和独立性两个原则。在刑事程序运行程序中确定了正当法律程序这一核心原则、行动中的合作原则、程序推进中加强控制的原则等。     

论法规批准制度

法规批准制度是指有关主体制定的法规范性文件需经特定主体的批准才能生效的法律制度。现行法规批准制度存在批准范围小、批准程序缺少操作性等不足。完善法规批准制度需合理设置批准范围、完善批准程序等,并对经批准的法规性质进行了法理考察。     

刑事被害人的权利保护

刑事被害人是受犯罪行为直接侵害的人,是启动刑事诉讼的因素之一,应受到刑事诉讼的直接保护。我国刑事诉讼法在对被害人的权利保护方面虽有一些规定,但还存在许多不足,司法实践中被害人的权利仍未得到切实有效保障,有必要进一步完善对刑事被害人的权利保护。     

公安行政处罚的法律问题述评

从公安行政处罚的法律规定出发,结合执法质量考评工作中发现的问题,揭示和分析公安行政处罚中程序和实体方面常见的法律问题,提出了完善公安行政处罚工作的对策建议。     

刑事缺席审判制度在中国的建构

刑事缺席审判的方式,有其存在的现实合理性和价值基础,应当合理权衡公正与效率的价值需求,充分考虑缺席审判的程序正当性。在我们的刑事诉讼中,如果能够合理设计缺席审判制度并有效规范它的运作,将会解决当前刑事诉讼中存在的某些相关问题。在我国确立缺席审判制度,必须明确缺席审判的适用范围,在合理控制缺席审判的发生条件的基础上,充分考虑制度设置的合理性,使缺席审判的运作合乎程序正当性的要求。