The Shadow Price of Social Change and Its Evaluation

This paper analyzes the “shadow price” of social transformation. For the first time, an attempt was made to determine the approaches to measuring this value with regard to nonmarket phenomena and processes, and to apply these approaches in an empirical analysis, based on a representative survey in Russia (N = 1,000) using experimental situations.

Specifically, it quantitatively evaluates (1) the degree of divergence between the real and the ideal structure of the time budget of several important domains of social life; (2) the ratio of social ills to social benefits; (3) individual public welfare functions; and (4) the social cost, legitimated by citizens, of reproducing two fundamental public goods: “the capacity to maintain ‘superpower’ status” and “the well-being of the future generations.”

The authors introduce and operationalize the novel concept of the socially suboptimal product of labor, that is, the product resulting from alienated (or unwilling) labor, and conversely, the product that could potentially result from using unutilized willing labor. In doing so we support the idea of distinguishing productive and unproductive forms within both the notion of labor and the notion of leisure. Aggregated estimates of these values show the share of gross domestic product (GDP) that could be optimized due to a redistribution of the time budget of the population between the main areas of life, according to ideal social preferences.

The balance of social benefits and social ills resulting from the life experiences and activities of individuals is empirically evaluated. We consider this balance, which is the sum of impacts of the social environment on the individual, as a suitable model for explaining how individuals make decisions about whether or not to participate in public life.

“Individual public welfare functions” are assessed empirically, demonstrating that individual utility depends on personal and collective consumption. Empirical testing covered a wide range of nation-building areas with public investment in relevant types of merit and public goods.

Then the authors propose and test on empirical data an opportunity cost approach to evaluating socially legitimate amounts of funding for the fundamental social benefits “superpower” or “additional power” of the nation.

The cost of the public good “well-being of the future generations” is calculated for the Russian sample.

Finally, the estimates of the discount rates of human lives and “healthy and prosperous years of life” were obtained for Russia for the first time.

The findings of the study are relevant for the efficient management of complex socioeconomic systems. The authors strongly believe that revealing the structure of existing social preferences and estimating their impact on various areas of social life will help improve policymaking by explicitly taking into account the specifics of the real social contract between the state and society.     

文件复印次数的分析与探究

文件复印次数的判定是文件检验中的一个难点,它对解决一些疑难案件,有效打击违法犯罪有重要的现实意义。复印机上的特征能够稳定地反映在复印文件上,不同原稿文件制成的多次复印文件也会随复印次数的增加而呈现相应的特征,不同复印机的交叉复印制成的多次复印文件上会表现出复印机的各自特征,在观察、分析、总结多次复印文件特征的基础上能够得出判定文件复印次数的方法。     

Study of Color Laser Printer and Photocopier Class Using a Pattern Location Measurement Method

A trace code pattern location measurement approach is proposed. It includes a method that can precisely extract the trace code pattern to identify the color laser printer or photocopier class. In this study, we collected 379 samples from 15 brands, including 129 models and 196 printers or photocopiers. The trace code pattern class is identified. Four class characteristics are used to identify the print source: (i) the relation between the pattern and print output direction; (ii) observation of the shape features from among the trace code pattern units; (iii) the feature arrangement from among the trace code pattern units; and (iv) the arrangement relation of the trace code pattern. Blind testing shows that the accuracy of the proposed method is approximately 96.9% for the Questioned Document Examiners, and 84.3% in the non‐Questioned Document Examiners. It is thus an effective technique for determining a print's color laser printer or photocopier source class.     

法律文书语言运用简论

法律文书的语言运用有四种主要类型,其共同特征是表意准确、质朴庄重、言简意赅、逻辑谨严。     

论中国马克思主义发展的前提、特点和主要障碍

中国马克思主义是马克思主义普遍原理与中国具体情况相结合的产物,毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和"三个代表"重要思想是中国马克思主义发展史上的伟大丰碑.中国马克思主义发展形成了自己的特点,这就是正确认识和坚持马克思主义基本原理,科学总结历史经验教训,在反倾向斗争中主要是防"左"反"左",根据实践的需要,在理论观点上对马克思主义作突破性的发展.     

落实“三个代表”重要思想不断推进社会保障事业的发展

建立和完善我国社会保障制度是贯彻落实"三个代表"重要思想的重要举措.当前社会保障制度改革虽然已取得了很大成就,但仍然面临着许多诸如覆盖面小、需要社会保障重点援助的困难群体偏大而社会保障资金却严重短缺的问题和困难,为此,我们需要加快社会保障法制的建设,建立多元筹资机制和综合性的城市社会救助系统,拓展就业渠道,迅速、全面地推进社会保障制度的建设.     

高举“三个代表“重要思想伟大旗帜三题

为什么"三个代表"重要思想从提出到被确立为党的指导思想仅用了不到三年的时间?为什么党的十六大在十五大把邓小平理论确立为党的指导思想后不久,又把"三个代表"重要思想确立为党的指导思想?如何真正高举起"三个代表"重要思想的旗帜?文章试对这三方面的问题作一些探讨.     

与时俱进是我们党思想路线发展的新阶段

解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进是马克思主义的精髓与灵魂,也是党的思想路线的核心。强调与时俱进,是国内外形势发展的需要,是中国共产党先进性、自觉性、创造性精神的反映。"三个代表"重要思想的理论成果是与时俱进精神的必然产物,与时俱进是党的思想路线发展的新阶段。     

“三个代表“重要思想是我国政府管理的灵魂

政府管理理念是政府管理的灵魂."三个代表"重要思想集中体现和概括了我国政府的管理理念.发展先进生产力是我国政府管理的首要的基本理念,发展先进文化是我国政府管理的重要理念,为人民谋利益是我国政府管理的根本理念.     

试论“三个代表“与马克思主义哲学的中国化

"三个代表"重要思想既是马克思主义党的学说的新发展,也同时体现了马克思主义哲学的中国化.要使马克思主义哲学对全面建设小康社会、开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面发挥指导作用,并在中国文化中有进一步的发展,就必须把"三个代表"重要思想融入到马克思哲学中去,走一条马克思主义哲学中国化的道路.