我国证券侵权民事责任归责分析——原则:立法与司法的冲突与协调

归责原则是各类证券民事责任主体承担民事责任的主要标准之一,不仅关系当事人的民事实体责任,还与诉讼程序中举证责任的分配等有着密切的关联性,因此,研究证券民事责任的归责原则具有重要的审判实践意义。最高人民法院对证券侵权民事责任主体的归责原则之规定,忽略了与现行立法之间的协调与衔接,有的与法理相悖,两者之间的冲突导致审判实践的困惑。实际上,我国证券侵权民事责任主体不同,且各自的法律义务和社会责任的差异,故其归责原则呈多元化的特点。     

THE TWELVE PEOPLE WHO SAVED REHABILITATION: HOW THE SCIENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY MADE A DIFFERENCE

Three decades ago, it was widely believed by criminologists and policymakers that “nothing works” to reform offenders and that “rehabilitation is dead” as a guiding correctional philosophy. By contrast, today there is a vibrant movement to reaffirm rehabilitation and to implement programs based on the principles of effective intervention. How did this happen? I contend that the saving of rehabilitation was a contingent reality that emerged due to the efforts of a small group of loosely coupled research criminologists. These scholars rejected the “nothing works” professional ideology and instead used rigorous science to show that popular punitive interventions were ineffective, that offenders were not beyond redemption, and that treatment programs rooted in criminological knowledge were capable of meaningfully reducing recidivism. Their story is a reminder that, under certain conditions, the science of criminology is capable of making an important difference in the correctional enterprise, if not far beyond.     

论刑法解释的规则

人们对刑法的解释不应当仅仅关注刑法解释的结论,而应当更多地关注刑法解释过程中的指导思想和原则。学界对刑法解释的规则多有分歧。这些分歧体现了学者们在刑法解释的哲理层面的对立与分歧。它们中的每一种观点的哲理基础都有一定的合理性,然而又都并非无懈可击。刑法解释的规则应当是一种多层次的顺次检讨规则。     

对我国法制发展战略的反思--以西方法律传统的形成为背景

无论东方西方,现代社会有其共性,所以应该充分重视西方法治化过程中形成的普遍性制度和有效经验;中国的法治建设有其特性,因此外国的经验不能代替中国自己的实践。     

Self-reported crime rates of women prisoners

This paper presents findings from the first study of female prisoners' self-reports of criminal activity. Using the criminal career paradigm to frame the analysis, self-reported estimates of crime participation and frequency rates were examined for eight felony crimes. Important similarities between women and men were found in overall patterns of crime. Specifically, a small proportion ofboth women and men described committing a large portion of the total crimes reported. These data also suggest that women and men are similar in violent crime participation — a finding that varies from the current literature. Once active in a crime type, women and men committed assault, theft, and forgery at significantly different rates; no gender differences were found in the annualized frequency rates of burglary, robbery, motor vehicle theft, fraud, and drug dealing. However, although statistical differences were not found in the overall frequency of drug dealing, specific patterns of drug dealing reflected considerable gender variation, with a larger proportion of the female sample committing very frequent (daily) drug dealing activity. The findings reflect the value of the criminal career paradigm for the study of gender differences. Future research should include largescale quantitative designs that allow detailed analyses of correlates of the distinct criminal career dimensions.Points of view are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice.This research was funded in part by the National Institute of Justice, Grant 87-IJ-CX-0048.     

对刑法第三百零六条之理性思考

刑法第三百零六条的规定有其合理性的一面,不能简单地将“职业报复”归咎于刑法第三百零六条的规定。要根本消除“职业报复”这一现象,必须从改变不合理的刑事诉讼制度作起。     

谈我国刑事自诉中的证明问题

刑事自诉案件的证明问题包含证明责任分配和证明标准两个问题。文章从刑事自诉中的法院、自诉人以及被告人三个方面入手,分析研究了三者各自的证明责任以及证明标准,以期对推进刑事自诉案件的研究有所裨益。     

法院改变罪名如何运作——兼与提出设置罪名改变通知程序的龙宗智先生讨教

对于法院能否改变罪名的问题学界和实务界争议教很大.龙宗智先生认为因为立法和司法解释已将判决改变罪名的权力明确赋予法院,固而法院改变罪名就不是法院有没有权力的问题,而是如何具体运作的问题,即是一个程序问,从而建言应设置一个罪名改变通知程序来进行具体运作并进一步论证了其合理和可行性.该程序具体运作由于庭审结构畸变导致法理上的不合理,条件上的不支撑,实践上的不可行,实效上的难如愿.对协商无效后作出无罪判决更为理性.     

从侦查效益角度看我国刑侦机制改革

侦查效益就是指在侦查中投入与产出的比,即以最佳最小的侦查成本投入获取最佳最满意的收益。理论上提高侦查效益的方法不外有两种:一是在收益既定的情况下减少侦查成本;二是在成本总量既定的情况下优化其配置。在我国目前不可能大量增加侦查投入和警力的情况下,应改革刑侦机制,优化侦查资源配置,提高侦查效益。     

Just punishments: Guideline sentences and normative consensus

The federal sentencing guidelines prescribe ranges of sentences to be given to persons convicted of felonies in the federal criminal courts. The U.S. Sentencing Commission wrote the guidelines attempting to make sentences conform to community views of appropriate punishments, along with several other criteria. Employing data from a 1994 national sample of adult Americans, designed as a factorial survey, the degree of correspondence is shown between guidelines sentences and those desired by the American public. Although at the individual level only a modest degree of concordance was found, the central tendencies of public opinion (median sentences) were found to correspond quite closely to the guidelines sentences. The major points of disagreement centered around drug trafficking crimes: the guidelines prescribed very long sentences for those crimes and distinguished sharply among trafficking in heroin, powder cocaine, and crack, whereas median sentences desired by the public were much lower and did not distinguish sharply among trafficking in those drugs. We interpret the findings as indicating that the guidelines sentences conform reasonably closely to American normative consensus concerning the sentencing of federal felons.The research reported in this article was commissioned by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. The views expressed in this article are not necessarily endorsed by the Commission. Full expositions of the findings from the national survey used are given by Rossi and Berk (1995, 1997).