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排序方式: 共有160条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
111.
连春亮 《安徽警官职业学院学报》2003,2(3):62-64
角色认知是一个人社会化的重要内容,罪犯在改造中,存在着角色认知的误区,导致角色行为与现实脱节,不能正确认知自己所扮演的社会角色,产生角色冲突,导致角色失败。因此,在改造中,强化罪犯的角色认知意识,是转化罪犯的前提条件。 相似文献
112.
利用牙齿长度的增长量推断死亡年龄 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
牙齿由于形成条件的特殊性和颚骨的保护作用 ,因而具有很好的防腐性和抗降解性。因此 ,可以利用牙齿长度来推断青、幼年人的死亡年龄。即通过重复测量 10 0颗牙齿 ,利用数理统计的方法 ,推导出牙齿长度与年龄的回归方程。然后 ,将现场提取的孤立牙齿的长度值与种类代入该方程 ,便可推算出死亡年龄。 相似文献
113.
The cranial trait scoring method presented in Buikstra and Ubelaker (Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 44, 1994) and Walker (Am J Phys Anthropol, 136, 2008 and 39) is the most common nonmetric cranial sex estimation method utilized by physical and forensic anthropologists. As such, the reliability and accuracy of the method is vital to ensure its validity in forensic applications. In this study, inter‐ and intra‐observer error rates for the Walker scoring method were calculated using a sample of U.S. White and Black individuals (n = 135). Cohen's weighted kappas, intraclass correlation coefficients, and percentage agreements indicate good agreement between trials and observers for all traits except the mental eminence. Slight disagreement in scoring, however, was found to impact sex classifications, leading to lower accuracy rates than those published by Walker. Furthermore, experience does appear to impact trait scoring and sex classification. The use of revised population‐specific equations that avoid the mental eminence is highly recommended to minimize the potential for misclassifications. 相似文献
114.
Michael G. Maxfield 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1999,15(2):119-149
The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) offers a new source ofdata for measuring crime. Though far from national in coverage, NIBRS datacan address research and policy questions outside the scope of the UniformCrime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey. Comparisons ofthe three sources of crime data are presented, with particular emphasis onwhat can be learned from incident-based police data that cannot be learnedfrom other sources. Like all data on crime, the NIBRS is subject to variousproblems with validity and measurement error. Two general categories of suchproblems are discussed: those evident in the design of the NIBRS and thoselinked to more general issues in the organizational production of data. 相似文献
115.
Maritza Liebenberg MSc Leandi Liebenberg MSc Gabriele C. Krüger MSc Ericka N. L'Abbé PhD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2023,68(2):586-595
Standard operating procedures for forensic anthropological analyses dictate that thermally altered remains should not be measured, hindering the creation of a biological profile. Few studies have addressed estimating biological parameters from burned remains, with the greatest focus of this research area being on cremated remains. However, veldt fires are more common than cremation in the South African forensic context. The aim of this study was to explore the degree of structural changes observed in domestic pig (Sus scrofa) bones associated with thermal destruction and the potential impact on the estimation of a biological profile using standard osteometric methods. A total of 96 pig femora were divided equally into two categories: fresh and dry. Within each category, equal samples were exposed to different durations of burning, namely, 5, 10, and 20 min. Ten standard femoral anthropological measurements were collected before and after burning. Technical error of measurement and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to assess changes in the femoral dimensions before and after burning. Most measurements were significantly different after burning, with the fresh bones decreasing in size by up to 7.8% and the dry bones decreasing in size by up to 4.0%. The magnitude of post-burning measurement changes for both burn conditions was similar to, or smaller than has previously been reported for observer measurement errors of commonly used variables investigated for standard osteometric studies. Veldt fires are less intense than cremation, thus causing less shrinkage. 相似文献
116.
作为侦查活动的起点和基础,现场勘查失误不但会使现场上的痕迹、物证被遗漏、灭失,导致犯罪信息的获取匮乏,还可能将无关的痕迹、物品引入侦查工作,以致干扰、影响整个案件事实的认定,诱发冤案。因此,从侦查阶段现场勘查入手,提高勘查人员从现场挖掘有效犯罪信息的能力,同时提升对勘查中无关、虚假信息甄别、排除的水平,是降低现场勘查失误率,遏制冤案的重要一环。 相似文献
117.
This paper argues that simulated experiments of crime prevention interventions are an important class of research methods
that compare favorably with empirical experiments. It draws on Popper’s demarcation between science and non-science (Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge. Routledge, London, 1992) and Epstein’s principle of generative explanation (Generative social science: studies in agent-based computational modeling. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2006) to show how simulated experiments can falsify theory. The paper compares simulated and empirical experiments and shows that
simulations have strengths that empirical methods lack, but they also have important relative weaknesses. We identify three
threats to internal validity and two forms of external validity peculiar to simulated experiments. The paper also looks at
the problem of validating simulations with crime data and suggests that simulations need to mimic the error production processes
involved in the creation of empirical data. It concludes by listing ways simulations can be used to improve empirical experiments
and discussing the differing operating assumption of empirical and simulation experimentalists.
相似文献
John E. EckEmail: |
118.
Angi M. Christensen Ph.D. Christian M. Crowder Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(6):1211-1216
Abstract: As issues of professional standards and error rates continue to be addressed in the courts, forensic anthropologists should be proactive by developing and adhering to professional standards of best practice. There has been recent increased awareness and interest in critically assessing some of the techniques used by forensic anthropologists, but issues such as validation, error rates, and professional standards have seldom been addressed. Here we explore the legal impetus for this trend and identify areas where we can improve regarding these issues. We also discuss the recent formation of a Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH), which was created with the purposes of encouraging discourse among anthropologists and developing and disseminating consensus guidelines for the practice of forensic anthropology. We believe it is possible and advisable for anthropologists to seek and espouse research and methodological techniques that meet higher standards to ensure quality and consistency in our field. 相似文献
119.
Susan Yamamoto 《Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice》2017,15(3):270-284
This study investigated whether Black and White mock jurors would commit the ultimate attribution error (i.e., over-rely on dispositional explanations to understand the negative actions of out-group members) in a necessity defense case. Participants (N = 97) read a fictional looting case, in which the race of the defendant varied. Mock jurors were expected to show out-group severity through more guilty verdicts and blame attributions. Mock juror and defendant race were not significantly related to verdicts, but for the Black defendant, White mock jurors attributed more control to him, and believed he was likely to reoffend more so than did Black mock jurors. This study adds to the literature on the mechanism by which racial bias interferes with juror decisions. 相似文献
120.
Gerald M. LaPorte M.S.F.S. Joseph C. Stephens M.S.F.S. Amanda K. Beuchel M.S.F.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(1):136-140
Abstract: The examination of printing defects, or imperfections, found on printed or copied documents has been recognized as a generally accepted approach for linking questioned documents to a common source. This research paper will highlight the results from two mutually exclusive studies. The first involved the examination and characterization of printing defects found in a controlled production run of 500,000 envelopes bearing text and images. It was concluded that printing defects are random occurrences and that morphological differences can be used to identify variations within the same production batch. The second part incorporated a blind study to assess the error rate of associating randomly selected envelopes from different retail locations to a known source. The examination was based on the comparison of printing defects in the security patterns found in some envelopes. The results demonstrated that it is possible to associate envelopes to a common origin with a 0% error rate. 相似文献