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排序方式: 共有160条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Padosch SA Schmidt PH Pedal I Franchy C Hoch J Madea B 《Forensic science international》2007,172(1):40-48
Given a current total incidence of erroneously administered blood transfusions of 1:12,000-1:36,000 (AB0 incompatible 1:38,000), the percentage of lethal outcomes ranges between 2 and 5%; i.e. the sole fact of an erroneous transfusion does not mandatorily result in a causal connection with lethal outcome, which can give rise to problems in the medicolegal assessment. We report on the conception and results of a novel interdisciplinary approach to assess the lethal significance of blood transfusion errors. Besides autopsy, histological investigation and immunohistochemical detection of AB0 incompatible foreign red blood cells in autopsy specimens, transfusion medicine investigations offer the opportunity to assess several immunohaematologic features. We assessed the immunohaematologic gel card ("microcolumn") technique for suitability in the forensic assessment of an AB0 incompatible transfusion incident in a septic patient, who had had no history of previous blood transfusions, with lethal outcome. After such an erroneous transfusion had been simulated in vitro, pre-transfusion and cadaver patient blood samples (p.m. interval: 3 days) were analysed. Amongst other things, IgG-loaded erythrocytes were detected in pre- and post-transfusion samples; the presence of irregular antibodies directed against blood group antigens and anti-A or anti-B isoagglutinins, respectively, especially in the pre-transfusion sample was ruled out. Besides the demonstration of AB0 incompatible red blood cells in the cadaver blood sample, blood group incompatibilities other than AB0 were excluded. With regard to the cause of death, in synopsis with autopsy findings and clinical symptoms, the results did not allow for a final discrimination between the impact of the pre-existing septic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis, respectively, and potential lethal effects of a (haemolytic) transfusion reaction. Besides pre- and post-transfusion compatibility testing in clinical transfusion medicine as required by German National Guidelines, the reported immunohaematologic investigations offer an important supportive tool for the forensic assessment of lethal erroneous transfusions and investigation of blood samples of survivors of transfusion incidents as well. Besides established morphological techniques, they allow for a certain evaluation of the pathophysiological impact of transfusion incidents as well as a diversified assessment of immunohaematologic features beyond the AB0 system. 相似文献
62.
Catherine M. Grgicak Ph.D. Zena M. Urban B.S. Robin W. Cotton Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(5):1331-1339
Abstract: Reproducibility of quantitative PCR results is dependent on the generation of consistent calibration curves via accurate volume transfers and instrument performance. A review of 14 standard curves, using two different QuantDuo® standard DNA lots, showed variability of cycle threshold values between assays were larger than those of the Internal PCR Control (IPC). This prompted a set of experiments designed to determine the source of variability. Results showed that error introduced during DNA addition to the plate resulted in little variation. A comparison of seven independent series demonstrated cycle threshold variation between dilutions was larger than the variation expected from repeated samples. Modeling the influence of pipette errors on dilution series accuracy indicated that a more rigorous approach to external calibration curve production is required and showed that improvement in calibration curve stability is expected if the pipette conditions are carefully chosen and/or a single validated curve is utilized as the calibrator. 相似文献
63.
张岩 《河北公安警察职业学院学报》2005,5(1):27-30
测谎技术是当前在侦查实践中经常使用的一种技术手段,由于受主观和客观因素的影响,使得测谎结论出现偏差。本文通过对测谎技术存在误差的客观性、常见误差的分析及衡平的探究,进而对影响准确性的因素进行剖析,总结性的得出测谎准确度的使用公式。 相似文献
64.
Bruce Budowle Ph.D. Maureen C. Bottrell M.S. Stephen G. Bunch Ph.D. Robert Fram M.A. Diana Harrison B.S. Stephen Meagher Cary T. Oien M.S. Peter E. Peterson Ph.D. Danielle P. Seiger M.F.S. Michael B. Smith B.A. Melissa A. Smrz M.S. Greg L. Soltis M.S. Robert B. Stacey M.A. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(4):798-809
Abstract: The forensic sciences are under review more so than ever before. Such review is necessary and healthy and should be a continuous process. It identifies areas for improvement in quality practices and services. The issues surrounding error, i.e., measurement error, human error, contextual bias, and confirmatory bias, and interpretation are discussed. Infrastructure is already in place to support reliability. However, more definition and clarity of terms and interpretation would facilitate communication and understanding. Material improvement across the disciplines should be sought through national programs in education and training, focused on science, the scientific method, statistics, and ethics. To provide direction for advancing the forensic sciences a list of recommendations ranging from further documentation to new research and validation to education and to accreditation is provided for consideration. The list is a starting point for discussion that could foster further thought and input in developing an overarching strategic plan for enhancing the forensic sciences. 相似文献
65.
Matthew J. Sharps Jessica Janigian Adam B. Hess Bill Hayward 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2009,24(1):36-44
Although eyewitness memory and identification have captured substantial research interest in the past decades, an understanding
of the types and prevalence of errors typically made by eyewitnesses is lacking. The purpose of the present research was to
begin the development of a taxonomy of eyewitness error, employing standardized stimuli and established techniques. Respondents
were exposed to a crime scene modeled on SWAT-training scenarios for systematically varied exposure times, and were then asked
to describe what they had seen. The stimuli and questions employed were prepared with the aid of senior police field training
officers. As anticipated, eyewitness performance in general was subject to a variety of inaccuracies. Physical errors, such
as mistakes in the clothing or physical characteristics of the perpetrator, or in details of the environmental context, predominated.
However, other less-expected errors were also observed: in relatively low numbers of cases, witnesses inferred emotional states
or intent on the part of the perpetrator or victim. Some contributed wholly artificial backstories, reported the future actions
of the perpetrator or victim as memories, or even inserted themselves into the scene. The pattern of results was shown to interact with exposure time, gender of the
perpetrator, and the presence or absence of weapons in the scene. The results of this study are consistent with reconfigurative
theory dating to Bartlett (1932), with subsequent research, and with more recent work under the aegis of Gestalt/Feature-Intensive Processing theory. These
findings provide information on types and prevalence of eyewitness error which should prove useful in investigative and courtroom
settings. 相似文献
66.
The electronic system IBIS has been used by numerous agencies worldwide as the standard tool to compare firearm markings on bullets and fired cartridges. There is a general interest among users concerning the likelihood with which the IBIS correlator may locate hits in its databases. Test results of the performance under different test conditions have been published in various papers. Experience has also been gained with the IBIS system from years of practical usage. All of these findings are difficult to compare with each other. No systematic presentation exists that actually shows the parameters upon which the success rate of the IBIS correlator depends. There has also been no mention of what values these parameters take on during each test. This paper first generally defines the success and error rates of the IBIS correlator. The parameters used will be discussed. Results of previously published tests will be re-examined based on this methodology. An illustrative form of presentation for the success rate of an electronic comparison system will also be suggested. It will be shown that the success rate of the IBIS correlator highly depends on the quality of the firearms-generated markings. It increases with the number of considered mark types, the number of available signatures per firearm, and the number of items inspected in the hit list. The success rate decreases with the database size. The paper will conclude with a series of practical recommendations for the setting up and successful operation of an electronic collection of ballistic evidence. 相似文献
67.
In replying to Mondak and Sanders, I introduce the notion of ``Kelvinist tolerance,' or an absolute absence of any intolerance
whatsoever. I contend that while we can imagine such an extreme level of tolerence, in our empirical world it occurs about
as frequently as the absolute zero of the Kelvin scale of temperature. Consequently, I reject the assertion of Mondak and
Sanders that special statistical approaches are essential for analyzing tolerance, arguing instead in favor of parsimony in
both conceptualization and analytical strategies. 相似文献
68.
边英 《天津市政法管理干部学院学报》2012,(2):74-78
《中华人民共和国反洗钱法》自2007年1月1日起颁布施行已经进入第六个年头。这部法律的出台对于我国预防洗钱活动的发生;维护金融秩序稳定;遏制洗钱犯罪及相关犯罪,起到了积极和重要的作用。文章将对基层金融机构在贯彻落实这部法律中存在的问题和误区进行剖析,提出自己的意见和建议。 相似文献
69.
被害人辨认错误是导致刑事错案发生的主要原因之一。被害人“身临其境”和“身受其害”的当事人身份,决定了被害人体验案件事实和辨认犯罪嫌疑人存在局限性,容易出现某些“诚实”的错误。分析被害人辨认错误的成因,进一步完善辨认规则,健全辨认程序,有助于提高被害人辨认的准确性和可信性,防范错误辨认,保护被害人权利。 相似文献
70.
刑事鉴定对于公安机关侦查破案发挥着日趋重要的作用,公安机关在侦查线索的寻找、侦查方向的确定乃至侦查终结的定案证据等方面都极为依赖刑事鉴定.然而,因公安刑事鉴定制度本身存在某些缺陷而容易产生诸多鉴定问题,进而导致侦查错误的发生,以致酿成了一系列刑事冤案.完善现行的公安刑事鉴定制度首先亟需解决公安机关内设鉴定机构的组织管理制度问题,即应确保内设鉴定机构的相对独立,同时应明确对刑事鉴定技术的采用标准.诚然,完善公安刑事鉴定制度并不能完全杜绝侦查错误的发生,但是可以减少侦查错误发生的概率. 相似文献