Income and Wealth Inequality in Nepal, 1996 and 2004: Changes and Socio-demographic,Spatial and Economic Determinants

Micro-data from national surveys indicate that economic inequality remained high and relatively unchanged in Nepal during the middle 1990s and early 2000s. Using household income and wealth as indicators, this study finds that many of the demographic characteristics, such as age, caste, ethnicity and widowhood, determined mostly along traditional social hierarchies, play influential roles in determining inequality in much of Nepal. In urban areas and especially in Kathmandu, however, these factors have proved increasingly less influential, replacing them with such factors as migration, education and labour market participation. These changes highlight the mechanisms through which different social groups are experiencing inequality, with important implications for the much needed economic, social and political stability of the country.     

A Review of Alcohol‐Impaired Driving: The Role of Blood Alcohol Concentration and Complexity of the Driving Task

The operation of a motor vehicle requires the integrity of sensory, motor, and intellectual faculties. Impairment of these faculties following the consumption of alcohol has been studied extensively through laboratory, closed‐course and on‐road driving, and epidemiological studies. The scientific literature was reviewed critically, with a focus on low‐to‐moderate blood alcohol concentrations (BAC ≤ 0.100%), to identify the most reliable determinants of alcohol‐impaired driving. Variables such as age, gender, driving skill, and tolerance were shown to have limited impact on impairment. It was concluded the most relevant variables are BAC and complexity of the driving task. The scientific literature provides a high degree of confidence to support the conclusion that a BAC of 0.050% impairs faculties required in the operation of a motor vehicle. Whether impairment is apparent depends upon the complexity of the driving task, which applies to both study design and actual driving.     

Migration and the reconfiguration of Malaysia

This article examines the social impact of the 1997 financial crisis in South Korea. Although the crisis was short-lived, it has created major ripples all across the country, profoundly affecting the Koreans' lifestyle and family life as well as their values and worldview. In spite of the magnitude of the financial crisis and its social impact, scant scholarly attention has been paid to the issue, although the causes and economic impact of the crisis have been amply discussed. In view of this, the article examines major social changes brought upon by the financial crisis. The article probes, for example, how employment patterns have been deeply affected, whereby a majority of workers are now irregular workers or are underemployed. The article also demonstrates how the people's perception of work has changed and how the income gap between the rich and the poor has widened. Also discussed are, among others, the continuing discrimination against women in the workplace, rising divorce rate, increase in immigration and value conflicts over the relevance of Confucianism in contemporary Korea. In addition, the article examines the agency of the Korean people in reacting to or coping with the changing circumstances.     

关于完善我国个人所得税的探讨

目前,我国现行个人所得税制度在税制模式、税制要素和税收征管三方面仍存在一些问题。可以采用优化税制模式、合理设计税制要素和提高个人所得税征管水平的方式加以解决。     

建国以来我国分配领域公平与效率实践的回顾与思考

建国以来,我国的收入分配制度发生了很大的变化,分配制度的变迁实际上就是一个不断探索效率与公平关系的过程。从＂平均主义＂到＂效率优先＂的探索,一定程度上有效地促进了经济发展和生产效率的提高,但也导致了收入分配差距迅速扩大,并影响到社会稳定和经济增长,从而导致公平正义问题凸现。反思建国以来收入分配制度变迁的过程,从效率公平的权衡到公平正义的诉求,将有助于深化分配制度改革,加快体制机制创新,推动社会的和谐发展。     

新农村建设的逻辑起点：国民收入城乡分配和谐

国民收入城乡分配长期失衡是城乡二元结构和“三农”问题日益深化的重要诱因之一。调整国民收入城乡分配结构,构建和谐的国民收入城乡分配关系,是社会主义新农村建设的逻辑起点和根本前提。     

甘肃居民收入差距简析

本文在社会调查的基础上 ,对甘肃居民收入的城乡差距、地区差距、行业差距、所有制形式差距及个体差距进行了简要分析。认为这些差距的累进扩大趋势已对社会公正和社会稳定构成了威胁。建议有关部门严厉打击非法致富、加强对个人收入的监控 ,适度提高农副产品价格、积极改革二元户藉制度、限制过快增长的垄断性收入 ,以此遏止收入差距的继续扩大 ,维护社会公正和社会稳定。     

公共财政体制改革与和谐社会建设

财政体制的完善程度直接决定着政府化解冲突、稳定社会的能力。当前我国所面临的各种突出的社会矛盾,其背后往往都能找到财政体制缺陷的影子。从财政收入和财政支出等方面完善公共财政体制,是缓解社会矛盾与冲突、构建社会主义和谐社会的重要制度条件。     

UPLC分析大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦浓度及其初步药代动力学研究

目的 采用UPLC建立大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦浓度的测定方法,并探究阿齐沙坦在大鼠血浆中初步药代动力学情况。方法 选用缬沙坦为内标,色谱柱Kinetex C18（100 mm×2.10 mm,1.7 μm）,紫外检测波长254 nm,流动相为水-乙腈-冰醋酸（容积比为57∶42∶1）,流速0.2 mL/min,柱温25 ℃,进样量2 μL,建立在大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦的分析方法。在此方法的基础上,经大鼠尾部静脉注射阿齐沙坦0.5 mg/kg,测定不同时间点其血浆浓度。实验数据运用DAS 2.1软件分析,得其主要药代动力学参数。结果 大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦的线性范围为0.05～12.5 mg/L（r=0.999 9）,定量下限为0.05 mg/L,低、中、高浓度（0.1、1.0、10.0 mg/L）的提取回收率分别为（88.6±3.2）%、（86.5±2.2）%、（85.7±1.3）%（RSD<5%）,日内、日间精密度RSD不大于10%,准确度在85%~100%范围内。通过DAS 2.1软件拟合,阿齐沙坦的分布半衰期t1/2（α）为（0.39±0.04）h,消除半衰期t1/2（β）为（4.22±0.12）h,药时曲线下面积（AUC0-t）为每小时（53.25±2.46）mg/L。结论 本实验建立的UPLC操作快速、简单,且专属性强,适用于阿齐沙坦在大鼠血浆中浓度的分析及其药代动力学的探究。