家兔死后玻璃体液离子浓度检测的微量重复取样法

目的探讨微量重复取样法对兔玻璃体液样本离子浓度或元素含量检测的可行性。方法28只家兔分为3组:Ⅰ组:死后12h一次取出所有玻璃体液;Ⅱ组:死后12h微量取样50μl,连续取15次;Ⅲ组:死后120h微量取样50μl,连续取15次。分别检测样本中Ca2+、C l-、K+、Na+和磷元素的含量,并对所得数据进行统计分析。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组左、右眼的Ca2+均数分别为1.956和2.068,1.942和1.948,2.071和2.045;C l-为111.520和121.240,116.744和117.022,106.322和106.767;K+为13.016和13.900,11.230和11.144,35.411和34.828;Na+为127.200和141.880,133.872和134.566,111.511和110.647;磷元素为0.556和0.744,0.284和0.280,5.585和5.597。3组双眼上述5种成分含量经配对t检验,其P值范围分别为0.2753~1.2365,0.1627~1.6596,0.1520~1.3446,0.2386~1.0892和0.0575~0.8195;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的重复取样检测经方差分析,其P值为0.9433和0.8638,两组总体重复取样检测的方差分析,P值为0.8772。结论微量重复取样法对兔玻璃体液样本离子或元素含量的检测无实际影响。     

农民增收难的制度因素分析及对策

“三农”问题以农民问题为首,而农民问题的关键是农民收入问题。只有积极稳妥地推进各项制度改革,才能从根本上促进农村经济发展,切实增加农民的收入。     

从公平效率角度看农村个人所得税的开征

农村个人所得税的开征,无论是从公平还是从效率的角度看,都是不合时宜的。根据权利义务的统一性,农民没有享受到跟城镇居民相同的权利,如果让他们履行同样的义务,无疑是不公平的。考虑到中国农村的实际情况,开征也不符合效率原则。     

二阶导数光谱双波长法测定血中碳氧血红蛋白饱和度的研究

本文将双波长法用于二阶导数光谱中,提出一种新的COHb饱和度测定方法。用本法测定了已知COHb饱和度的标准血样和未知COHb饱和度的检血,都得到了比较满意的结果。     

西部地区减轻农民负担和增加农民收入研究

改革开放以来,农民负担主体逐步由集体转移到农户,使农民对负担的感受变得更为直接,农民负担重是全国现象,西部地区农民负担不平衡问题更为突出。制约西部地区农民增收的因素是多方面的。增加农民收入与减轻农民负担二者相互关联、相辅相成,减轻农民负担就是保护农民利益,也是增加农民收入,二者是一个问题的两个方面。在协调农民收入和农民负担关系时,关键是要找准二者的结合部。     

How Social Wealth Funds Could Help Tackle Inequality

This article examines the potential to tackle the roots of inequality by the introduction of one or more social wealth funds. Such funds would aim to capture some of the financial gains from the private ownership of capital—a principal driver of inequality—and use the proceeds for wider community benefit, such as investment in social infrastructure. In recent decades a number of countries have introduced a variant on such funds, mostly taking the form of state‐owned sovereign wealth funds resourced through the exploitation of oil, and used for a diversity of economic purposes. In contrast, the UK has failed to take the opportunity to create such funds by, for example, reinvesting the revenue from the sales of public assets. So would it be possible to build one or more such collectively owned funds in the UK, and if so, how should they be financed? As well as funding social investment and anti‐inequality programmes, could such a scheme also help finance a regular Citizen's Dividend payment or a Citizen's Income scheme?     

THE LAW OF CRIME CONCENTRATION AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE*

According to Laub (2004), criminology has a developmental life course with specific turning points that allow for innovations in how we understand and respond to crime. I argue that criminology should take another turn in direction, focusing on microgeographic hot spots. By examining articles published in Criminology, I show that only marginal attention has been paid to this area of study to date—often termed the criminology of place. I illustrate the potential utility of a turning point by examining the law of crime concentration at place, which states that for a defined measure of crime at a specific microgeographic unit, the concentration of crime will fall within a narrow bandwidth of percentages for a defined cumulative proportion of crime. By providing the first cross‐city comparison of crime concentration using a common geographic unit, the same crime type, and examining a general crime measure, I find strong support for a law of crime concentration. I also show that crime concentration stays within a narrow bandwidth across time, despite strong volatility in crime incidents. By drawing from these findings, I identify several key research questions for future study. In conclusion, I argue that a focus on the criminology of place provides significant opportunity for young scholars and has great promise for advancing criminology as a science.     

Effects of Homeopathic Mother Tinctures on Breath Alcohol Testing

In some countries, it is illegal to drive with any detectable amount of alcohol in blood; in others, the legal limit is 0.5 g/L or lower. Recently, some defendants charged with driving under the influence of alcohol and have claimed that positive breath alcohol test results were due to the ingestion of homeopathic mother tinctures. These preparations are obtained by maceration, digestion, infusion, or decoction of herbal material in hydroalcoholic solvent. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the alcoholic content of three homeopathic mother tinctures and their ability to produce inaccurate breath alcohol results. Nine of 30 subjects gave positive results (0.11–0.82 g/L) when tests were taken within 1 min after drinking mother tincture. All tests taken at least 15 min after the mother tincture consumption and resulted in alcohol-free readings. An observation period of 15–20 min prior to breath alcohol testing eliminates the possibility of false-positive results.     

Pension Programs Around the World: New Comparative Global Policy Data

Abstract

Income protection during old age is a universally recognized human right. Are nations fulfilling their responsibility for income support for older adults? Using a new global dataset on social protection conceptualized and built by two of the authors, this paper examines whether countries have legislated for national pension systems, and the characteristics and adequacy of those systems.     

中国重点行业发展循环经济的产业政策探析

钢铁、煤炭、有色金属等行业是中国的重点行业和支柱产业,是经济增长的重要动力,但是目前存在的问题也较多。该文以钢铁行业为例,提出产能过剩、产业集中度低、产业布局不合理已严重影响行业的可持续发展。这些行业能源消耗巨大,经济效益较好,对循环经济的示范效应明显。因此,开展循环经济已成为未来发展的趋势。该文建议必须完善重点行业的产业组织政策、结构政策、布局政策和技术政策,推动行业的循环经济发展。