大鼠急性脑干损伤致死后脑干组织细胞色素C含量的测定

目的探讨细胞色素C含量测定在脑干损伤死后诊断中的意义。方法采用重物自由落体造成的大鼠急性脑干损伤模型,通过酶联免疫(ELISA)的方法,检测脑干损伤致死大鼠与非脑干损伤致死大鼠脑干组织细胞胞浆细胞色素C含量。结果急性脑干损伤组神经元细胞胞浆细胞色素C的含量(8.276±0.425)较非脑干损伤组(2.002±0.514)为高,其差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论脑干组织细胞色素C含量测定对急性脑干损伤的死后诊断具有参考价值。     

大鼠弥漫性脑损伤神经元HSP70表达及神经髓鞘的病理变化

目的探讨脑神经元HSP70表达变化和神经髓鞘病变在弥漫性脑损伤(DB I)诊断及其损伤时间判断的价值。方法将50只SD大鼠分为正常对照组和DB I组,后者按DB I后处死大鼠的时间不同又分为0.5h、1h、3h、6h、12h、1d、3d、7d及10d组。然后复制大鼠DB I模型,脑组织常规取材后进行HSP70免疫组化及劳克坚牢蓝(LFB)髓鞘染色,观察神经元HSP70的变化和神经髓鞘病变。结果大鼠DB I后0.5h,脑干及海马处见HSP70免疫组化染色阳性的神经元;伤后1h明显,12h达到高峰,1d下降,7d基本恢复正常。神经髓鞘于伤后0.5h开始逐渐出现水肿,分层、碎裂及聚集成团块状,伤后1d最明显,3d后开始逐渐减退,10d基本正常。结论神经元HSP70表达变化和神经髓鞘病变程度对DB I诊断及其损伤时间判断具有一定的参考价值。     

原发性脑干损伤组织学诊断要点

目的 探讨人头面部受击致原发性脑干损伤的组织病理学诊断标准。方法 用171例脑干损伤者的脑干颅神经根部作水平切块,HE染色光镜下观察;另取50例非脑干损伤死亡者作对照。并用统计学方法分析两组所见病变。结果 损伤组见脑干浅表部(32.7％-55.6％)或脑干内部挫伤(57.9％-85.9％)、颅神经根部损伤(动眼神经70.2％,面及位听神经53.8％,三叉神经49.7％等)、星形胶质细胞反应性增生、肥大(34.5％-57.3％)及水肿(19.3％-57.3％)改变,与对照组相比,脑干的挫伤、颅神经根部损伤和星形胶质细胞反应性增生、肥大有显著差异(P<0.001),水肿无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论脑干浅表部和/或脑干内部挫伤、颅神经根部损伤及星形胶质细胞反应性增生肥大可作为原发性脑干损伤的诊断依据。     

细胞间黏附分子-1及其在器官与组织损伤中的反应

综述有关细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的结构特征、分布和生物学功能,以及ICAM-1对脑、心脏、皮肤损伤反应的研究文献,为其在法医学领域的应用研究提供参考资料。     

82例肾上腺出血的法医病理学分析

目的 分析肾上腺出血与个体死亡原因、年龄和性别的关系。方法 对82例。肾上腺出血的案例进行统计学分析。结果 （1）肾上腺出血在猝死、感染、外伤和窒息中最多见。（2）肾上腺出血男性多于女性。猝死、外伤和中毒的肾上腺出血多见于青壮年，感染以幼儿多见，窒息主要为胎儿和新生儿。（3）猝死和窒息的肾上腺出血部位主要在髓质，感染以皮质出血为主，外伤在包膜和髓质的出血概率相等。结论 在法医检案过程中，肾上腺出血可以为寻找死因提供线索。     

牙髓细胞DNA含量与死后经过时间的相关性

目的探讨死后不同环境温度下离体牙的牙髓细胞平均DNA含量变化与死后时间(PM I)的相关性。方法采用细胞图像分析系统(PIPS-2020),测定离体即刻至15d牙齿在低温环境(10~15℃)和高温(30~35℃)环境下牙髓细胞DNA含量变化值,并对其数据进行统计学分析。结果在不同的环境温度下,牙髓细胞DNA降解的速度有所不同,温度的升高有加速牙髓细胞DNA降解的趋势,且DNA降解存在一个平台期。低温组牙髓细胞平均DNA含量与PM I之间的相关系数r=0.953,相关指数R2=0.917;高温组的相关系数r=0.991,相关指数R2=0.971。结论牙髓细胞平均DNA含量与PM I之间具有高度相关性,测定牙髓细胞的DNA变化情况对推断3d(高温环境)或6d(低温环境)后的PM I有参考价值。     

固定双上肢并悬挂家兔死亡机理的研究

目的观测固定双上肢并悬挂家兔的血气变化及膈肌的肌电变化,探讨体位性窒息死亡的发生机制。方法建立家兔体位性窒息死模型,在实验前、后分别抽取家兔耳缘动脉和左心室血2m l进行血气分析,并监测实验过程中家兔膈肌肌电图(EMGd i)的变化。结果实验组与对照组均有缺氧、二氧化碳储留以及氧饱和度下降,但是实验组的二氧化碳储留比对照组低,氧饱和度比对照组高,缺氧情况比对照组低。在连续记录的EMGd i中,早期EMGd i较晚期EMGd i的高频与低频(H/L)比值显著降低,超过20%。结论固定双上肢并悬挂家兔死亡与膈肌疲劳导致缺氧窒息有关     

23例头面部拳掌伤致脑干损伤致死病理学分析

目的 观察头面部拳掌伤，及钝器打击伤致脑干损伤死的病理形态学特点，并探讨其成伤机理。方法 对23例拳击(A组)与30例钝器打击(B组)采用作者建立的脑干损伤取材方法，于脑干各颅神经根部作水平面切6块，HE染色光镜检查。结果 2组脑干损伤具有相同的病理形态学改变。A组水肿显著(71.6％)，B组以组织撕裂、挫碎为多(76.6％)；A组颅神经损伤多为单根(47.6％)，B组2根以上占53.7％，最多可达4根；A组单纯脑实质挫伤多(50％)，B组多伴发血肿或挫挤带。结论 拳、掌和钝器打击头面部致脑干损伤的病理形态学相同，但钝器打击比拳、掌致脑干损伤严重且广泛。提示脑干损伤致命与其受力部位、发病机理关系密切，而与受力强度关系不大。     

The Role of Postmortem Cardiac Markers in the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction*

Abstract: Sudden cardiac deaths because of acute myocardial infarction (MI) constitute a significant percentage of the caseload for death investigators, coroners, and forensic pathologists. Clinicians use cardiac markers, highly sensitive and specific for myocardial damage, to screen living patients for acute MI; however, to this point, the utility of these markers in the autopsy setting has not been fully established. The current study included 10 decedents, five who died of acute MI, and five subjects who died of noncardiac disease. Samples of pericardial fluid and blood from multiple sites were tested for creatine kinase, creatinine kinase MB, and troponin‐I. Three main conclusions were drawn: the levels of cardiac markers from all patients are significantly higher than the reference range for living patients, there are significant differences in cardiac marker levels between samples from different anatomic locations, and only three cardiac marker/anatomic site combinations were significantly different between the control and study groups.     

Eye‐Catching Eyebrows: Training and Evaluating Humans for Periocular Image Verification

High‐quality periocular images have sufficient variability between people that they can be used for automated recognition. However, there are no standards for training people to compare periocular images in a forensic context. Potential methods for training people to compare eyebrow images are investigated in this article. Pairs of images were presented to volunteers who decided whether the images showed the same person or different people. A control group with minimal instruction and no training responded with 87.6% accuracy. A second group viewed 100 training pairs before the test and achieved 94.2% accuracy. A third group rated specific features in the images and had 0.1% improvement over the second group. Experimental results show that actively comparing at least thirty training images and receiving immediate feedback improves trainees’ performance six to seven percent. If a quantitative quality score is needed, a linear combination of similarity ratings on different features may be used.