新疆地区66例多类型栓塞死亡法医学尸检分析

总结分析不同类型的栓子(血栓、脂肪、空气、羊水)栓塞致死的一般特点,探讨其法医病理学鉴定要点及注意事项.对2015～2021年在新疆医科大学司法鉴定所鉴定的66例栓塞致死案例进行回顾分析.经过研究分析,导致患者出现栓塞的因素较多,栓塞致死以肺动脉血栓栓塞多见,另外空气栓塞、羊水栓塞和脂肪栓塞也不容忽视,其均能导致呼吸、...     

大鼠脑细胞DNA含量与死亡时间关系的图像分析

运用计算机图像分析技术 ,对大鼠死后脑细胞DNA的变化进行观测 ,以寻找一种客观、量化的推断早期死亡时间的标准。实验选择 1 5只大鼠。处死后 ,在 2 4h内每隔 1h分别取脑细胞进行细胞学涂片、福尔马林液固定、Feulgen染色、自动图象分析仪测量、统计学处理。结果显示 :大鼠的早期死亡时间与其脑细胞DNA降解速率呈线性关系 ,其中积分光密度 (IOD)、平均灰度 (AG)、异形指数 (ID)提示本法有可能作为精确推断死亡时间 (PMI)的辅助手段。     

用GFAP和VIM表达推断脑损伤时间的实验研究

用落体撞击法复制大鼠闭合性脑损伤模型 ,经免疫组化法观察脑挫伤后不同时间GFAP、VIM的相关改变 ,并对其阳性细胞面积进行图像分析及统计学处理 ,旨在得出脑挫伤后GFAP、VIM表达的动态变化规律 ,为推断脑损伤时间的研究提供理论参考。结果显示 :GFAP阳性细胞在伤后 12h开始表达 ,7d达高峰 ,阳性细胞面积较对照组有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ;VIM阳性细胞在伤后 3d开始表达 ,5d达高峰 ,阳性细胞面积较 3d组有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。GFAP及VIM阳性细胞均为星形胶质细胞 ,在损伤部位上 ,GFAP较VIM更为广泛 ,且反应更强烈。提示可用GFAP、VIM的动态观察作为推断脑损伤时间的一项指标     

猫脑震荡与脑损伤的实验性研究

了解轻型颅脑损伤和脑震荡的脑组织病理形态学及生理功能的变化情况。以流体液压冲击法及胶锤打击的方式 ,分别造成闭合性脑外伤及脑震荡的动物模型。结果显示 :较大的钝性外力可造成脑组织明显的病理形态学改变和脑电、心电等生理功能的持续性改变 ,即脑损伤 ;较小的钝力则只能造成动物意识的一过性丧失 ( 3 0min以内 )及脑电、心电的可复性变化 ,脑组织光镜下病理形态学改变不明显。区别脑震荡与轻型脑损伤应以有无明显的病理形态学改变为“界” ,以脑电、心电、意识障碍等改变是否可复为“度”来划分脑震荡与脑损伤     

影像学技术与尸体解剖在致伤方式鉴定中的应用比较

目的探讨影像学技术在法医学死因鉴定、致伤方式分析研究中的应用范围。方法以真实高坠死亡案例为研究对象,分别运用多层螺旋CT平扫、三维重建和磁共振成像技术对尸体进行全面检查,随后即行系统尸体解剖,分别比较影像学技术与尸体解剖在关键信息和细节信息获取方面的优点和不足。结果对于损伤死亡案例,影像学技术可以收集损伤、骨折、出血等关键信息,且具有预先探知、显示非常规解剖部位微小损伤等优点,对于细节问题显示尚存在不足,某些技术的法医学应用尚需进一步磨合。结论影像学技术应用可在致伤方式鉴定中作为法医尸体解剖的指导和补充,在特定情况下可起到一定的替代作用。     

死后小鼠脑组织细胞核DNA变化规律的研究

目的研究DNA降解变化与死亡时间的关系,为法医学推断死亡时间提供一种比较准确可靠的新方法。方法应用单细胞凝胶电泳（SCGE）技术结合荧光显微镜和专业的计算机图像分析技术,测定了111只小鼠在死后72h内不同时间点小鼠脑组织细胞核头半径（HeadRadius,HR）、尾长度（Tail Length,TL）、头DNA（HeadDNA）含量比例、尾DNA（Tail DNA）含量比例、尾矩（Tail Moment,TM）、Olive矩（Olive Moment,OM）、头面积（Head Area,HA）、尾面积（Tail Area,TA）8项参数的变化值。结果在个体死亡72h内,测定的8项参数指标中尾DNA含量比例、彗星尾长、尾矩、Olive矩、尾面积都呈增加趋势,头半径,头DNA含量比例,头面积均呈下降趋势。上述参数均与死亡时间具有高度的相关性。并将每个参数的测量值进行了多项式运算,获得了更能体现DNA降解趋势的二项式回归方程（P〈0．001）和多元回归方程（P〈0．001）,均具有高度的统计学意义。结论应用本研究提供的72h内脑组织DNA变化与死亡时间之间呈线性关系的各组回归方程,为法医学推断死后经过时间提供了一种新的、客观的、精确的方法和参考依据。     

Testing an Age-old Adage: Can Autopsy Findings be of Assistance in Differentiating Opioid Versus Cardiac Deaths?

Given the common occurrence of both opioid and cardiovascular deaths, and the concomitant use of opioids in those with cardiac disease, the present study was undertaken to see whether the old adage of using the triad of cerebral and pulmonary edema and bladder fullness to suggest an opioid death could be used to differentiate deaths due to opioid toxicity from deaths due to cardiac disease. Brain weight, lung weight, and bladder fullness were compared among opioid-related deaths, cardiac deaths, and a control population. It was found that opioid-related deaths were more likely to have heavy lungs, a heavy brain, and a full bladder, while cardiac-related deaths had smaller volumes of urine in the bladder and heavier hearts. In conjunction with a thorough investigation, these findings may be useful to forensic pathologists when determining whether a death is opioid-related, especially in the setting of concomitant cardiac disease.     

Thoracic Visceral Compression–A Useful Technique for Demonstrating Small Bleeding Points in the Dissected Neck at Autopsy

A 29-year-old man died at the scene of an altercation from a stab wound to the left side of the neck. At autopsy, careful in situ examination of the common carotid artery did not reveal any evidence of hemorrhage or apparent vascular injury. However, applying pressure to the chest wall and underlying thoracic viscera (lungs and heart) resulted in filling of the collapsed vessel with blood causing hemorrhage from a small incision on the medial aspect of the common carotid artery. Release of pressure and drying of the dissection field enabled the artery to be opened and the small defect to be identified. This technique may be used to temporarily restore blood to a vessel to help identify a small bleeding point that may otherwise be difficult to detect.     

The Identification of a Steel Mold’s Marks on Fake Drug Bottles

Plastic bottles are commonly encountered in drug cases where they are used as packaging materials and produced with polymers. However, to the best of our knowledge, systematic studies on the evidential values of medicine bottles have not been carried out. Therefore, it is difficult practically to determine if it is possible to identify whether the plastic bottles are manufactured with the same steel mold by comparing the manufacturing marks on plastic bottles. This paper reports the successful attempt of the authors in establishing a definite relationship between three different medicine bottles with a steel mold recovered from suspects. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterize the chemical composition of submitted medicine bottles, and then some physical characteristics (viz., total length, length, and diameter of different parts) and the manufactured marks on these bottles were examined. The results showed that the linkage of the medicine bottles to a steel mold was successfully established using the similarities in physical characteristics and manufacturing marks. In the process, the FT-IR was only complementary in the identification process. The individual characteristics of plastic medicine bottles included the imperfections and striated impressions that were produced by the grinding patterns on the inner surface of a steel mold.     

The Impact of Discontinuation of the Medical Examiner System: Cases of Drowning in the Bathtub at Home

The incidence of death by drowning greatly varies among different prefectures in Japan, mainly due to climate difference. However, there could be other factors affecting the incidence of deaths besides climate, for example, differences in regional death investigation systems. Here, we aimed to elucidate other such factors affecting the mortality data of drowning in the bathtub, especially the effects of discontinuing the medical examiner system. Police data in Kyoto and ambulatory care information in Yokohama were used. Data on cases of elderly individuals found dying or dead in the bathtub at home in winter 2014–2015 were obtained. The following data were collected for each case: age, gender, presence/absence of ambulatory transport, performance of autopsy, and cause of death. The autopsy and drowning rates in Kyoto were 0%, whereas both values in Yokohama were significantly higher at 93.1% and 89.4%, respectively (the denominator of each of the rates is the total number of elderly (aged 65 or over) individuals found dying or dead in the bathtub at home in each city during each winter). Despite no significant difference of incidence of total bath-related death, the proportion of drowning-related deaths was overwhelmingly higher in Yokohama than in Kyoto. The difference can be attributed to the difference in autopsy rates between the two cities, mainly caused by the presence/absence of a medical examiner system. Therefore, we should pay careful attention to future changes in autopsy/drowning rates in Yokohama, and ascertain whether the change might be continuously influenced by the abolishment of this system.