“竞争化”到“竞争中立化”:市场导向标准的困境及协调路径

市场导向条件经历了从美欧到西方世界小范围达成共识的过程,竞争是演进中的核心要素,竞争与贸易领域的天然联系是市场导向条件"竞争化"的原因。市场导向标准竞争中立化诠释了竞争中立从竞争领域向区域贸易规则渗透、再向多边贸易体制扩张的过程。区域自贸协定中的竞争中立以约束政府的方式规制国有企业,未能充分虑及经贸实际,使区域化协调国有企业规则的尝试面临重重困境。对多边补贴规则的修改是市场导向标准竞争中立化的新动态,恐将放大实践中矛盾与逻辑上的不自洽。WTO危机反映了规则静态与利益动态的冲突,以恪守多边主义为前提,采竞争与贸易"双轨"并行之策,在国际、国内层面协调国有企业规则,将有助于化解市场的导向分歧。     

Implementing EU emissions trading: success or failure?

This article assesses and explains the implementation of the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS). It argues that implementation in terms of ambitiousness has been only moderately successful so far, but significant differences between the Member States are also observed. Similarities and differences are then explained within a multi-level governance approach emphasizing the need to search for explanations at national, EU, and global levels. The EU ETS case shows that the multi-level governance approach can be as relevant for understanding implementation as for explaining policy-making. In addition to factors located at the national level, the decentralized nature of the EU scheme itself is important for understanding how the system works in practice. At the global level, the link to the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol is particularly important for determining how well the EU ETS will perform in the future.     

Improving Cost-effectiveness and Facilitating Participation of Developing Countries in International Emissions Trading

This paper discusses ways in which the next climate agreement – a renegotiated Kyoto Protocol or a second-period agreement – can be made more cost-effective. The discussion focuses on the design of international emissions trading to facilitate early participation by developing countries. Four aspects are highlighted: the design of compensation rules, the need to regulate the use of the CDM, the effect of allowing borrowing and the implications of a Commitment Period Reserve.     

The world trading system: In the fog of uncertainty

The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations was a transformative event in the world trading system in many ways. Most importantly among its unintended consequences were a North–South divide and a catalyst for new actors in the political economy of trade policy—the Non-Governmental Organizations or NGOs. After considerable difficulty a new round was launched in Doha, Qatar in 2001. But the system has changed once again by the “new geography,” an emerging shift of power to the South. JEL codes F13 · F15 · F42 · L31     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission allowance allocation mechanisms,allocative efficiency and the environment: a static and dynamic perspective

The object of this paper is to place allocation mechanisms into a framework of Emission Trading Systems and thereby to establish a typology. It analyses how various assignment mechanisms deal with issues such as price determination, allocative efficiency and environmental considerations in a static and dynamic economy model. It analyses how allocation mechanisms are to be ranked and whether they serve the attainment of the general equilibrium. First the paper examines how market-based allocation mechanisms (auctions) perform in light of the above issues. Second the paper distinguishes between the two types of administrative allocation mechanisms: (1) financial administrative allocation mechanisms, combining payment schemes with bureaucratic expertise, and (2) free administrative allocation mechanisms, based inter alia on industrial policy considerations and on passed emission records (grandfathering). In particular, the value added of relative performance standards, which are for example included in the “Performance Standard Rate” (PSR) Emission Trading System, are examined as a means to provide allowances. The overall finding is that in a closed static economy and in the presence of an efficient trading market, different allocation methods produce equally efficient outcomes in allocative and environmental respects. With regard to an open dynamic economy, the impact of initial allocation mechanisms resembles those of a static closed economy. In such an economy the upper limit to the internalisation of negative externalities is given by operator’s costs of environmentally harmful relocation and hence the cost burden placed upon operators is crucial. Auctions and financial administrative allocation mechanisms perform less well than free administrative mechanisms. Relative standard base mechanisms, constituting an important element of the PSR Emission Trading System, perform better than grandfathering schemes because they take into account abatement possibilities of industries, minimise stranded costs and do not give rise to time shifting of abatement projects. It is therefore concluded that allocation mechanisms merit more attention than the discussion relating to capped trade and trade without a cap.      

环境管理中经济刺激制度的运行机制——兼对“太湖蓝藻事件”的法律经济学分析

轰动全国的"太湖蓝藻事件"是2008年中国环境污染大事簿中无法令人释怀的一件。文章以该事件作为文章论述的引子,采法律经济学视角解读环境污染根源,着重分析建立在两大环境经济手段理论上的两大经典经济刺激制度的运行机制,即运用科斯定理的明晰产权制度和使用著名的"庇古税"理论的排污费制度。文章的创新在于摆脱了"枯燥"的理论讲解,以"太湖蓝藻事件"贯穿全文作为解读对象,运用理论解读太湖渔塘的产权问题、太湖渔民与化工企业的产权交易问题,以此对中国的环保管理政策与制度加以评述,并指出目前作为中国经济刺激制度的排污费制度的实质。     

国家制定法与民事习惯之秩序——以酒店12时退房法律问题为个案

酒店12点退房是国家法律没有明确规定的行业习惯，也是交易习惯，属于广义上的民事习惯范畴。酒店12点退房习惯引起的争议说明国家法律对民事习惯有必要留有一定空间，民法典或者立法法中承认习惯法的法源地位，并对制定法和民事习惯的援用秩序作出一般性规定，以便法院审理涉及民事习惯的案件，也未来的民法典的社会适应性提供必要的张力。     

辟建东宁铁路口岸的探讨

中国加入WTO，使黑龙江省对外贸易面临新的挑战。挑战之一，就是随着进出口贸易物流量的增加，原有的铁路口岸和港口十分紧张，急需寻找和辟建新的出海贸易分流通道。用生产要素互补性与合作发展互利性原则衡量，东宁县具有各方面的优势，并同俄罗斯受益各方取得共识。省地方铁路局(铁路集团公司)在多次考察的基础上，形成了可行性研究报告，因此，辟建中俄铁海联运大通道新节点——东宁铁路口岸已势在必行，条件基本成熟。     

内幕交易民事责任的价值平衡与规则互补——以美国为研究范本

内幕交易的民事赔偿责任不同于普通的侵权责任。如何应对内幕交易的民事诉讼、是否应对该类诉讼进行适当限制是各国制度建构所面对的共同问题,在此方面,美国的经验具有重要的借鉴意义。在内幕交易民事责任的追究中,存在着远非单一的多元价值,补偿投资者利益只是要实现的若干目标之一。制度构建的重要任务是要对相互冲突的价值目标进行恰当的协调和平衡,其中包括:威慑、监控内幕交易行为、保护投资者信心与防止滥诉、保护公司利益之间的平衡;补偿投资者损失与防止民事责任成为投资者保险之间的平衡;保护受害者诉讼权利与抑制过度诉讼之间的平衡等。同时,为实现法律的目标,内幕交易民事赔偿的各种法律规则之间需要功能的互补和相互的配合,包括刑事、行政、民事责任的互补配合,程序法和实体法的互补配合等。