Validation of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for determining osseous or dental origin of unknown material

Forensic anthropological examinations typically involve the analysis of human skeletal remains, but in cases where samples are very small and/or physically compromised, it may first be necessary to determine whether the material is even osseous or dental in origin. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a technique that reveals the elemental composition of materials and is hypothesized to have utility in such cases. XRF analysis was conducted on a variety of tissues and materials in unaltered and altered (damaged) states. With few exceptions, osseous and dental tissues in unaltered and altered conditions contained characteristic levels of calcium and phosphorus, while other materials did not. Materials could be accurately identified as osseous or dental in origin based on the calcium and phosphorus levels identified by XRF, and we therefore conclude that XRF analysis is a valid and effective means of determining osseous or dental origin of unknown material.     

中国宪政的文化分析

在生成背景上,儒家的人性观是造成宪政发育因素的先天缺失,也是后天培养宪政观念的困境所在;中国语境里的宪政已经不是限制权力、保障权利的一种信念力量,特殊的民族历史造就了宪政工具主义观;后发型现代国家使得人们对宪政内容与结果的认识上含混不清,及至造成对宪政建设的忽视。     

中国公民环境税费支付意愿实证分析

随着人口增长和消费行为的变化,公众成为环境影响的重要主题。同时,全球环境治理也逐步从管制-命令向公众参与转变,公众成为环境政策过程的重要参与者。借助"世界价值观调查"2007年的数据,研究中国公民的环境税费支付意愿,从而揭示出影响环境政策工具民意基础的重要因素。逻辑斯蒂模型的分析结果表明,环保意识、发展观和政治信任是左右人们支持政府环境经济政策的重要因素,并且三者相互联系,在政府与公众的互动当中不断变化。     

我国集体协商制度实证主义建构的法哲学反思

我国集体协商制度之所以未能实现和谐劳动关系的规制功能,主要原因之一,在于其制度建构的实证主义哲学观使实现集体行动合法化、体现劳资自治的"争议权"在制度构造上缺乏合法地位。虽然"争议权"的行使可能引发法的正当性与安定性之间的矛盾,但是,基于自然法的理论分析,"争议权"的行使与维持劳动关系稳定的目标并不冲突。在追求劳动关系正义的基本宗旨下,通过拓宽集体交涉的法律途径可实现争议权在实证法上的合法地位。     

司法鉴定机构的性质、功能与设置模式探索

司法鉴定机构的性质决定着司法鉴定机构的地位和功能。立足司法鉴定工作发展的实际,从司法鉴定机构的设立模式和生存状态入手,深入分析其性质,并由此界定其地位、功能,对于明确司法鉴定工作的改革思路、科学整合资源,加强分类管理和监督,推动司法鉴定工作的健康发展具有重要意义。     

世界统一性的实践诠释

人类的产生使处于原始自在统一状态的物质世界出现了真正意义的分化,使这种分化得以实现的真正动力是实践;也正是在人类改造世界的实践中,分化的物质世界不断呈现出具体的历史的统一。物质世界的分化与统一是在实践中实现的,同时也是随着人类实践的发展而不断发展的。     

试论税收授权立法的本质与特征

税收授权立法基本范畴是研究税收授权立法制度的逻辑起点.由于税收的特殊性,税收授权立法较之一般授权立法必须更要满足民主法制的要求.因此,站在民主宪政的角度分析税收授权立法的概念等基本范畴有着十分重要的意义.     

什么是良法

广义的良法是指对社会发展起积极或推进作用的法,从一定意义上说,也就是具有真、善、美之品格的法。“真”是指法的内容的合规律性;“善”是指法的价值的合目的性;“美”是指法的形式的合科学性。依法治国,应是依良法治国。     

物权行为与善意取得保障交易安全机能之分析与比较

物权行为和善意取得以各自不同的机制,保护交易关系中的第三人利益,从而维护交易安全。物权行为以其无因性原则,切断前手交易的瑕疵,保护第三人利益,具有保障无偿取得者正当利益和维护债权人权益的善意取得所不具有的机能。但在无权处分时,物权行为无法发挥作用,只能借助于善意取得制度来实现对第三人利益的保护。物权行为和善意取得在保障交易安全方面的机能各有所长,两者均不可偏废,都应在我国的物权立法中体现。     

The impact of economic theories on the law in market relations

The impact of economic theories on legal development, thinking and practice is undeniable. This is particularly true for neo-classical and institutional economics. Neo-classical economics are based on model assumptions of human behaviour such as pursuit of personal advantage, individualistic goals, complete information and at the same time law obedience which are the foundations of the functioning of the market mechanisms. The assumption leads to an almost mystical belief in the self-regulatory power of the market and a strong disdain and disapproval of the State. The concepts of a minimal State and de-regulation of all social relations follow from there. This article argues that model assumptions are valid scientific tools, as long as they are not taken to reflect the real world which is populated by real people that are not necessarily behaving like homines oeconomici. Preaching de-regulation and the dismissal of the State can prove simplistic and even dangerous and may lead to financial and economic crises like the ones witnessed in recent years. Institutional economics part from these empirical findings. They do not question individualism and the pursuit of egoistic objectives of market-participants, but they insist on inherent risks of this mechanism which stems from opportunistic behaviour, lack of information and transparency and the limits of trust. Property economists deduct from there that sustainable and dynamic economic development is unthinkable without well defined property title, the distinction of property and possession and credit securities. These institutions cannot be self-regulatory but need a clear legal frame, in other words rules established by a State. Transaction costs economists understand the danger of opportunistic behaviour and a corresponding systemic lack of trust in the negotiation, conclusion and execution of contracts. They underline the necessity of institutions which are capable of limiting these dangers and thus reducing transaction costs. Institutions may be customs, informal arrangements and formal law. At the end two examples are presented-real estate transactions and post-patriarchal family relations-to test the utility of these considerations.