宪法修改若干问题思考

分析宪法修改的概念,认为宪法修改有狭义和广义之分,狭义的宪法修改即有形修改,广义的宪法修改则包括有形修改和无形修改,而无形修改又被称为宪法变迁;剖析观念性修宪和制度性修宪这对概念,分析我国采取政策性修宪总体模式下,修宪的内容包括观念性修宪和制度性修宪;宪法修改的理由以及宪法修改的完善。     

发展中国家公务员制度特征与中国公务员制度创新

异质性、民族性、前瞻性及不完善性是发展中国家公务员制度的特征。发展中国家公务员制度建设的原则是 :优化规则 ;统一法治精神和人本原则 ;实行制度改善而不是进行“新的转型”。我国公务员制度的创新要以良好的行政环境为前提 ,以观念转变为基础 ,以管理创新为关键 ,从三个层面立体推进。     

贯彻习近平法治思想建设高质量的制度体系

习近平法治思想对新发展阶段全面依法治国作了重大部署,强调提高国家制度竞争力,以"中国之制"支撑"中国之治"。高质量制度体系是坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度的重要举措;是遵循制度建设规律、持续保持制度显著优势的必然要求;是满足人民新时代需求、全面实现国家治理现代化的可靠路径;是凝聚改革发展共识、稳步推进现代化强国建设进程的坚强保障。应当准确界定高质量制度体系的内涵、确定其实质与形式评价标准,并在中国特色制度逻辑框架内,提出建设高质量制度体系的具体构想:坚持党的集中统一领导与尊重人民群众的首创精神的统一;坚持问题导向、目标导向和结果导向的统一;尊重制度建设的规律性与民主性的统一;坚持类型化与协调性的辩证统一;坚持制度的评估机制与自我调节机制的统一;坚持制度的稳定性与创新性的统一。     

Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy?

This article contributes to the debate in this journal about the state of British democracy. I criticise the tendency to use a ‘demand–supply’ dichotomy in interpreting the strong distrust experienced by institutions and politicians, and especially the idea that all the blame for current problems is to be attributed to the inadequateness of the British political tradition (BPT). By referring to international data on democracy and to recent British trends in both public attitudes and institutional innovations, a more nuanced picture on the state of democracy emerges. I argue that the BPT is not incompatible with incremental changes that have already introduced innovations in the way politics works in Britain today, and that the task of empowering citizens is one of the most delicate aspects in this process of innovation.     

Iron Houses in the Tropical Heat: Decentralization Reforms in Africa and their Consequences

Abstract

Decentralization reforms introduced to Africa have not always delivered the intended outcomes. Through interaction with the broader historical, political, social and economic context, reforms seem to have engendered political consequences beyond decentralization itself. Most of the literature on decentralization and development emphasizes questions of institutional design and policy, but here we expand the focus of analysis and incorporate the harder-to-pin-down political patterns marking the workings of decentralization in Africa. Through the case-studies of Ghana, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Ethiopia and Uganda we seek to connect the debates on development with the scholarly literatures on comparative federalism, comparative decentralization and local democracy. The conclusion that emerges is that no magic formula which can turn countries into peaceful, stable and prosperous democracies overnight exists. And, importing formal institutions without regard to the local historical, political, social and economic context risks leaving us with elegant but dysfunctional iron houses in the tropical heat.     

Mapping out the institutional geography of external security in the EU

The growth of European Union (EU) competences in the field of external security in the last decade has produced a substantial increase in the number of EU institutions and bureaucratic actors engaged in the planning and management of these policies. Moreover, the expansion of competences in such a sovereign sensitive area comes up against the persistent intergovernmental nature of the security sector. This has resulted, on the one hand, in a complex institutional architecture with heavy demands in terms of coordination, and on the other hand, in a stark differentiation and stratification of the legal regimes with a potential to impact on policy outcomes. This state of uncertainty is particularly relevant when looking at relations with countries bordering the Union, as the long-standing web of interactions there has developed a more complex institutional environment. While most of the scholarly literature focuses on single institutional sectors or policies (Common Security and Defence Policy, European Neighbourhood Policy, or the external side of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice), this study seeks to address the issue with a comprehensive analysis of the institutional framework that has emerged in the last decade, more notably, since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. The article provides, first, an overview of the EU’s institutional actors responsible for security policies in the regions bordering the EU, and second, an examination of the different mechanisms established to address the coordination issue. Finally, this study will argue that the traditional military dimension is but one, and certainly not the most developed, of the security instruments employed by the EU. At another level, it will be argued that the shift of focus from the military to other security tools has altered the institutional balance in the security sector, substantially adding to the relative influential weight of the Commission.     

朱元璋的制度反腐及其教训

鉴于元朝灭亡的教训,朱元璋力图从制度上预防与惩治贪污腐败。他制定低俸禄与低办公经费制度强迫官员保持节俭的作风,以严酷的法律惩治贪污腐败,并建立了一个完善的监察系统搜集官员腐败的证据。朱元璋的制度建设虽然对遏制贪污腐败起到了一定震慑作用,但即使是在朱元璋时代,贪污行为也屡发不绝。朱元璋过世后,低俸禄与低办公经费成为官员贪腐的正当理由,严酷的反贪法律的执行因为完全取决于皇帝的态度实际上也逐渐废止了,监察制度也变成了党争的工具。尽管如此,朱元璋的制度反腐仍然为今天的廉政建设提供了可资借鉴的经验与教训:反腐教育应当常抓不懈,反腐应摆脱依赖个人意志的法律,注意保持官员的适当工资水平。     

早期心肌挫伤超微结构变化的实验研究

应用机械式弹性拉力打击器以10.0米／秒速度冲击犬胸骨心前区，引起心肌挫伤。分别对伤后2～5min、30～60min、3h及5h心肌挫伤区超微结构变化进行观察。结果显示：（1）伤后2～5min即见严重的心肌超微结构损害，如肌原纤维撕裂、扭曲变形，肌节过度收缩或I带增宽Z线弯曲、线粒体破裂，部分嵴不清、间质出血并可见游离的线粒体。伤后30～60分钟挫伤心肌肌原纤维溶解、碎裂，线粒体破裂伴嵴消失。伤后3及5h，挫伤区坏死明显，坏死物与红细胞碎片混杂一起，结构不能辨认。（2）同一心脏可有多部位损伤，且损伤程度不均一。     

规范政府行为的一部重要法律——为《中华人民共和国行政许可法》正式施行而作

今年7月1日正式施行的《行政许可法》是规范政府行为的一部重要法律。以法律规范政府行为,是由政府权力的特点决定的,是我国完善社会主义市场经济体制的客观要求。《行政许可法》的正式施行,是我国政府改革进程的重要里程碑。《行政许可法》确立了新的价值取向,同时也充分体现法律至上的原则和制度创新。施行《行政许可法》要充分估计到困难和阻力,要针对可能出现的问题努力做好工作。     

关于精英决策的制度分析

精英决策的模式是民主政治欠发达的国家广泛存在的一种政府决策模式 ,其形成是有集体行动的逻辑和根源的。从制度经济学的角度来看 ,精英决策的模式缺乏制度效率。中国政府的精英决策模式向民主决策的转变 ,需要在克服集体行动“失灵”和遵循制度效率标准的基础上 ,做出一系列的制度安排