Democracy, Sea Power and Institutional Change: An Economic Analysis of the Athenian Naval Law

The present essay attempts to test the validity of the theory of institutional change based on the concept of property rights, in the remote historical setting of Classical Athens. The Naval Law introduced by Themistocles in 483-2 BC, established the institution of trierarchy to produce warships to face the Persian invaders. This reform led to the first attempt to define the costs and benefits of public goods in the field of national defense. Thus, institutional change in Ancient Athens, through an efficient arrangement of property rights and duties, had long-term consequences on economic performance, creating a new growth path and ensuring economic prosperity and social justice for more than 150 years.     

制度变迁：文化转型的内在动力机制

20世纪的中国社会充分展现了一幅巨大变迁的历史画卷 ,其变迁的核心内容是中国社会的文化转型。本文通过揭示“制度”与“文化”的基本内涵 ,从理论与实践相结合的角度梳理了近代以来中国文化转型的基本面貌 ,并分析了中国文化转型的内在动因。制度变迁是中国社会文化转型的内在动力机制。     

区域经济一体化时代的东北亚区域经济合作

20世纪90年代以来世界区域经济一体化进程的加快,使东北亚区域经济合作面临新的机遇与挑战。适应区域经济一体化大发展的时代要求,我们必须积极探索21世纪东北亚区域合作的新途径。在东北亚地区经济合作的模式选择上,应该遵循时间上的渐次性和空间上的层次性相结合的方针,首先加快中、日、韩3国的制度性合作,使之成为东北亚区域经济合作的核心和先导,然后再向全区扩展。当然,只有充分利用好各种有利因素,才能使合作展现出光明的前景。     

Back to Basics: A Theory of the Emergence of Institutional Facts

In order to account for the mode of existence of social rules and norms, the author develops a theory of the emergence of institutional facts. Just as other kinds of institutional fact, rules and norms are meanings. Therefore, insight into the emergence of social rules and norms can be achieved by studying the recognition and the communication of meanings. Following accounts of meaning and factuality, institutional facts are characterized as unquestionable shared typifications. It is argued that, in becoming an institutional fact, a typification goes through two phases. First, it becomes a social habit. Second, this habit turns into an obligation by being objectified.     

The methods and measures of centrography and the spatial dynamics of rape

Technique known as centrography are presented in order to demonstrate their utility for describing and measuring the salient features of a spatial distribution and for facilitating temporal and comparative analyses in discerning trends and contrasting spatial distributions of crime. Centrographic techniques are applied to a 5-year data set of lone-assailant rapes classified by type of offender. The results indicate that different classes of offenders have relatively distinctive spatial distributions. Moreover, changes in the spatial distributions of offender classes, through time, are not uniform.     

Predicting Institutional Adjustment and Recidivism with the Psychopathy Checklist Factor Scores: A Meta-Analysis

This study explored the validity of the PCL/PCL-R factor scores in predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism in forensic clients and prison inmates. Forty-two studies in which institutional adjustment, release outcome (recidivism), or both were assessed prospectively with the PCL/PCL-R yielded 50 effect size estimates between the PCL/PCL-R factor scores and measures of institutional adjustment/recidivism. A meta-analysis of these findings disclosed that Factor 2 (Antisocial/Unstable Lifestyle) correlated moderately well with institutional adjustment and recidivism, whereas Factor 1 (Affective/Interpersonal Traits) was less robustly associated with these outcomes. Direct comparisons of the mean effect sizes attained by Factors 1 and 2 revealed that Factor 2 was significantly more predictive of total outcomes, general recidivism, violent recidivism, and outcomes from the 12 most methodological sound studies than Factor 1. There was less differentiation between Factors 1 and 2 on measures of institutional adjustment.     

我国地方政府制度创新的特点

我国地方政府的制度创新与中央政府的制度创新相比 ,具有明显的特点 :一是边际性 ,进行“增量改革” ;二是区域性 ,在本地区范围内发生作用 ;三是试验性 ,作为中央正式制度创新的前奏 ;四是微观性 ,只涉及个别领域和个别制度要素     

毒鼠强中毒实质性器官组织超微病理变化研究

目的观察不同浓度毒鼠强中毒大鼠实质性器官的超微病理变化。方法采用灌胃方法使大鼠毒鼠强染毒,制作大鼠中毒模型,并以健康大鼠灌服生理盐水为对照,提取大鼠的脑皮质、脑干桥脑部、心、肝、脾、肾等实质性器官,进行超微病理观察。结果不同浓度的毒鼠强可对心肌细胞、脑神经细胞、神经纤维和肝细胞造成一定损伤,而对肾、脾组织细胞损伤不明显。脑皮质神经元细胞结构模糊,内质网轻度扩张,线粒体扩张水肿,且无明显的剂量-反应关系;脑干桥脑部可见多处弥散性软化灶,神经细胞核溶解,神经纤维细胞有坏死,血管内皮细胞肿胀,血管周围有间隙出现,脑干损伤有明显的剂量-反应关系;心肌细胞表现为不同程度的心肌细胞坏死、线粒体弥漫性崩解或肿胀、肌丝断裂溶解、肌溶灶普遍存在等变化,并呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系;肝细胞表现弥漫性肿胀,细胞模糊,肝窦狭小,内皮细胞肿胀,结构模糊不清,细胞质内线粒体明显肿胀,糖原含量减少,与中毒剂量和时间均呈明显相关性。结论脑、心、肝可能为其毒性作用的主要靶器官或靶组织。     

Learning from the Philippine occupation: nation‐building and institutional development in Iraq and other high security risk nations

Outcomes of armed conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq indicate that the U.S. has been unprepared to fully address problems related to establishing social and economic stability, security and governance in the aftermath of war. This is unfortunate, given that U.S. policy makers' nation‐building efforts to achieve stability, security and good governance in these nations do not reflect what they should already have learnt about organisational and institutional development from past experiences providing significant development assistance to highly unstable nations. Based on the analysis rendered in this article, ‘smart practice’ development administration in such nations comprises the following key points that link nation building to institutional/organisational development:

• Nation building (creating new national sovereignty) is different from, and harder than, building government capacity (creating or strengthening institutions and organisations).
• Given that building government capacity typically requires years of patient assistance and financing, it is better to build on existing indigenous institutions like the civil service and military.
• The time and expense of development assistance to high security risk nations means that it is advisable to establish a multi‐lateral development assistance plan and a multi‐national, multi‐institutional framework for financing development to pay for all that is necessary over a long period of time (i.e. 20–50 years).
• Policy makers should emphasise social stability and stable economic growth under self‐governance to prevent actual or perceived economic exploitation.
• Policy makers' diplomatic efforts should secure accommodation of various stakeholders sufficient to permit compromise leading to formation of an independent government.
• Where occupation appears necessary to achieve security and stability, policy makers should allocate enough troops and money to do the job, and accurately assess and report all costs of military occupation and nation building.
• Once occupation has occurred, policy makers should not withdraw military support in a way that would increase the likelihood of civil war.
• Premature withdrawal of security, economic and political support prior to the point where high security risk nations are capable of governing themselves will cause a power vacuum, and may result in fragmented regional leadership by warlords. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

大鼠急性CO中毒的超微病理学研究

大鼠吸入 CO(1500～4500PPM,2小时)急性中毒后,观察其心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑的病理改变。光镜下可见心肌细胞浊肿,水性变,肌浆凝聚,间质水肿;肝细胞浊肿,轻度脂肪变;肺淤血、水肿;肾曲管上皮细胞浊肿,神经细胞急性肿胀,尼氏小体减少或消失。电镜下,心肌原纤维过度收缩,肌节交短,质膜部分破坏,肌原纤维断裂、坏死;线粒体肿胀,肌浆网扩张;神经细胞内粗面内质网呈囊状扩张;神经细胞固缩;星形细胞突起水肿。