Politics of private regulation: ISEAL and the shaping of transnational sustainability governance

Scholars describe the proliferation of sustainability standards by multi‐stakeholder initiatives as part of an organizational field for sustainability. The aim of this article is to gain a better understanding of the institutionalization process of this global organizational field by focusing on the case of the ISEAL Alliance (the global association for sustainability standards). We show how ISEAL puts specific strategies into place to both reinforce and expand the role and influence of sustainability standards. This institutional entrepreneurship consists primarily of two dimensions: institutionalizing macro‐standards based on a market‐driven and procedural vision of sustainability; and simultaneously legitimating both the tools and ISEAL through internal and external enrolments and entanglements. The characterization of ISEAL's activities in this way brings politics back into the analysis of sustainability standard‐related technical debates and extends our understanding of how the micro‐dynamics within organizational fields are interdependent upon macro‐dynamics outside organizational fields.     

西方国家“政治营销”:理论、实践与启示

20世纪中期,政治营销理论兴起于西方政治学界,它的产生与西方国家政治文化传统和现代经济领域中的营销理论有着深厚的理论渊源,并且有着独特的内涵与理论模型,为政治学的发展与研究提供了一个新的分析视角。通过分析西方国家政治营销实践,认为政治营销作为一种技术手段和民主理念对于我国社会主义民主政治的发展、公民社会的培育有着积极的促进作用,对我国的政治的健康发展有着深刻的启示意义。     

知识产权法的制度创新本质与知识创新目标

创新是知识产权法的历史过程与时代使命。知识产权法的创新意义,表现在其本身的制度创新与所追求的知识创新两个方面。知识产权法产生、变革和发展的历史,即为科技、文化创新与法律制度创新相互作用、相互促进的历史。理想的知识产权制度应是持续激励创新的制度,也是自身不断创新的制度。现代知识产权法存在可能发生的"制度风险",影响或制约着创新发展目标的实现。国家与社会事务的管理者具有"政治企业家"的角色担当,作为创新制度的最大供给者,应在知识产权法的主体意识层面、制度设计层面以及社会运行层面作出理性反思和积极应对。     

促进农地经营权流转的财税政策探讨——基于新制度经济学视角

我国农地经营权流转规模不断扩大,但总体水平较低。基于流转制度的变迁及流转动因进行新制度经济学分析,可以明确从降低流转中的交易成本和提高流转后的预期收益角度去探索政府财税政策的制定和实施是比较合理的思路。因而应尽快完善农村社会保障体系,削弱土地保障功能;加大财政投入农业产业化的力度,为农地规模化流转铺平道路;积极引导农村土地流转市场及流转中介组织的建立;支持农村剩余劳动力的有效转移。     

改善政府内部治理效率分析:基于交易成本的观点

一个负责任的、高效率的、透明的政府运行体系对整个社会可持续发展是不可或缺的。但由于大量的交易成本存在,政府内部治理效率通常并不高,严重制约市场体系运行和政府作用的发挥。因此,本文运用新制度经济学中"交易成本"分析方法来理解政府内部治理效率问题,在此基础上指出,要提高政府内部治理效率,仅仅停留在技术工具上还不够,必须从更广阔的制度和组织创新中寻找答案,减少机会主义行为。     

从制度变迁视角审视新中国工业化进程中的农业发展历程

我国农村体制的发展历程大体上可以分为两个主要阶段:一是人民公社体制时期;二是家庭承包责任制时期。将这一发展历程置于工业化的背景下运用新制度主义经济学的方法分析,可见人民公社体制的建立不是着眼于如何提高农业的生产效率,而是为了最大限度地汲取农业剩余资源;人民公社体制为家庭承包责任制所取代,但没有改变“工占农利”的局面。进入新世纪,我国农村体制发生了一系列重大变化,这似乎昭示着工业反哺农业时代的到来。     

Co-operation in institutional economics and the political economy of trust

The aim of this paper is to analyze the institutional economics of co-operation and the political economy of trust. It is reviewed the transactions costs, the principal-agent theory, market power, increasing-returns theory and value creation, strategic management, competitive forces, resource-based theory, organizational knowledge and learning, strategic choice theory and the collective efficiency theory. Finally, it is sustained the political economy of trust.     

党的执政能力建设与制度安排创新

加强党的执政能力建设,是对当代中国共产党执政实践认识上的一次飞跃,是解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进的具体体现。由于当代中国正处于各种社会利益博弈、社会资源重新分配的社会转型过程中,势必要求在制度安排创新中更加有效地加强党的执政能力建设。     

浅析邓小平党的制度建设思想

执政的中国共产党,如何把自己的党建设好,既关系到党的执政地位能否巩固和党在人民群众心目中的威望,又关系到中国能否坚持走社会主义道路、如期实现现代化伟业的宏伟目标。邓小平在继承了毛泽东建党理论的基础上,走出了一条不靠搞政治运动,而靠严肃党的纪律、改革和完善党的制度来全面加强党的建设的新路子,大大丰富和发展了我们党关于党的建设的思想。     

Institutional Openness and the Use of Referendums and Popular Initiatives: Evidence from Swiss Cantons

Despite the growing interest in direct democratic institutions—like referendums and popular initiatives—the empirical evidence on the relationship between institutional openness and use is still sparse. We use a novel data set on the institutional openness and test its link to actual voting behaviour for ballots in the Swiss cantons for the period 1970‐1996. We find no robust relationship between the number of cantonal ballots and openness, measured by the number of signatures necessary to force a ballot and the time limit within which they have to be gathered. We observe, however, that openness is negatively related with voter participation. Having to gather more signatures apparently increases the awareness in the population at large, creates more information about the issues at hand, and thus induces more voters to turn out.