Privacy,trust and policy-making: Challenges and responses

The authors contend that the emerging ubiquitous Information Society (aka ambient intelligence, pervasive computing, ubiquitous networking and so on) will raise many privacy and trust issues that are context dependent. These issues will pose many challenges for policy-makers and stakeholders because people's notions of privacy and trust are different and shifting. People's attitudes towards privacy and protecting their personal data can vary significantly according to differing circumstances. In addition, notions of privacy and trust are changing over time. The authors provide numerous examples of the challenges facing policy-makers and identify some possible responses, but they see a need for improvements in the policy-making process in order to deal more effectively with varying contexts. They also identify some useful policy-making tools. They conclude that the broad brush policies of the past are not likely to be adequate to deal with the new challenges and that we are probably entering an era that will require development of “micro-policies”. While the new technologies will pose many challenges, perhaps the biggest challenge of all will be to ensure coherence of these micro-policies.     

伤残鉴定中智能障碍评定的多因素分析

目的探讨智力测验在智力损伤与伤残鉴定中的适应性。方法对366例在精神损伤或伤残鉴定中进行韦氏智力测验的结果及其影响因素进行分析,并与鉴定专家评定结论进行比较。结果①韦氏智力测验结果与专家鉴定结论之间存在明显差异（P〈0．01）,不一致率为68．8％,但二者呈现显著正相关（r=0．431,P〈0．01）。②影响韦氏智力测验的客观因素包括多种身体功能障碍及精神障碍,分别占32．2％（118例）和23．8％（87例）。③在智力测验时表现有主观不合作者为61．5％,而在专家检查中表现有主观不合作者仅为38．8％。结论智力测验受多种主客观因素的影响,不能直接引用评定智力伤残等级,需要结合脑外伤的严重程度、临床检查及社会功能等综合评定智力伤残的等级。     

Competition and cooperation in artificial intelligence standard setting: Explaining emergent patterns

Efforts to set standards for artificial intelligence (AI) reveal striking patterns: technical experts hailing from geopolitical rivals, such as the United States and China, readily collaborate on technical AI standards within transnational standard-setting organizations, whereas governments are much less willing to collaborate on global ethical AI standards within international organizations. Whether competition or cooperation prevails can be explained by three variables: the actors that make up the membership of the standard-setting organization, the issues on which the organization's standard-setting efforts focus, and the “games” actors play when trying to set standards within a particular type of organization. A preliminary empirical analysis provides support for the contention that actors, issues, and games affect the prospects for cooperation on global AI standards. It matters because shared standards are vital for achieving truly global frameworks for the governance of AI. Such global frameworks, in turn, lower transaction costs and the probability that the world will witness the emergence of AI systems that threaten human rights and fundamental freedoms.     

Perception and Politics in Intelligence Assessment: U.S. Estimates of the Soviet and "Rogue-State" Nuclear Threats

United States estimates of Soviet nuclear goals and capabilities and the current "rogue-state" nuclear threat reflected prevailing beliefs about threat within the U.S. government and the relative influence of agencies charged with threat assessment. This article establishes that the patterns in formal Soviet threat assessment: (i) did not reflect a uniform response to "external threat," (ii) were inevitably tied to underlying assumptions about adversary intent, and (iii) were susceptible then to perceptual, organizational, and/or political influences within government. Thus, threat assessments reflected the optimism and pessimism—and political interests and ideologies—of those who participated in the estimating process. The article concludes by examining these lessons in light of the experiences and challenges of assessing threat from small states harboring nuclear ambitions.     

论公安情报的社会服务功能

公安情报工作是公安工作的重要组成部分、是公安机关履行职能职责的重要依据、是完善各项公安工作的重要手段。它在侦查破案、预防和打击违法犯罪等方面发挥了重要的作用,但它的社会服务功能同样具有不可替代的作用。文章主要从对各级党委和政府的参谋作用、宣传教育、社会咨询、稳定民心、引导舆论等五个方面来说明公安情报的社会服务功能。     

Bridging the gap: the effect of gender normativity on differences in empathy and emotional intelligence

Self-report measures of empathy and emotional intelligence have frequently revealed significant gender differences, with females typically scoring higher than males on these dimensions. In this study, we investigated whether, in line with a social identity approach, manipulating the gender normativity of empathy and emotional intelligence would ameliorate typically observed differences. Male and female participants (N = 330) were randomly assigned to read one of three narratives comprising fictitious neurological research evidence which claimed that males (Condition 1) or females (Condition 2) or neither males nor females (Condition 3) scored higher on measures of empathy and emotional intelligence. Results indicated that, in Conditions 2 and 3, females scored significantly higher than males on self-reported empathy. However, when information suggested that males were superior to females (Condition 1), no significant gender differences in self-reported empathy were observed. A similar pattern was found for emotional intelligence, however the predicted interaction effect failed to reach significance. The role of social context in determining gender differences in emotional functioning is discussed with particular reference to gender differences in motivation.     

人工智能时代背景下的国家安全治理：应用范式、风险识别与路径选择

作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的核心驱动力量,人工智能技术的发展与应用在为社会提供强大发展动力的同时,也对国家安全治理造成了一系列影响。实际上,人工智能技术与国家安全之间存在一种结构性互动的关系。一方面,人工智能技术能够基于进化赋能的实践应用,从传统安全、非传统安全以及两者间的重叠领域,为国家安全提供更为有效的维护和保障机制;另一方面,人工智能技术的应用也存在着超出预期设想的可能性。因此,人工智能在国家安全治理中的应用就极易在"界域与有效性""效能与可靠性"以及"竞争与稳定性"之间出现矛盾。尤其是在因人工智能技术嵌入所导致的力量失衡以及安全格局的转变下,国家安全就极有可能在国家竞争的稳定性、社会治理的有序性与技术应用的稳定性三方面遭受巨大的冲击。需要指出的是,目前人工智能技术所导致的国家安全风险已经逐步显现,而全面评估人工智能技术对国家安全治理带来的机遇与挑战将是解决这一技术安全悖论的关键所在。为此,中国应在紧抓人工智能技术发展契机的同时,更要加强对这一技术发展潜在风险的研判和预防,从而维护好中国的国家安全与人民利益。     

总体国家安全观下美国战略情报思想对我国反恐战略的启示

美国战略情报思想源于20世纪40年代,其中影响最大的是谢尔曼·肯特出版的专著《服务于美国世界政策的战略情报》。如今战略早已超出了传统军事战略的层面,战略定义的扩大使情报的定义摆脱了狭隘的军事情报观念。针对我国目前的反恐工作形势,该文从影响我国反恐战略制定的因素、总体国家安全观下对反恐战略提出的新要求等方面,论述了美国战略情报思想对我国反恐战略的启示,以期能为我国目前的反恐工作带来一些裨益。     

论禁毒情报调研的特点及方式

禁毒情报工作具有对象特定、内容复杂、范围广泛、任务长期等特点,所获情报具有本质性、宏观性、专题性和预测性等特点;一般来说,禁毒情报调研的方式主要有典型调查法、普遍调查法和抽样调查法等