大陆法系民事诉讼中的证据收集制度论析--以德国民事诉讼为中心

大陆法系各国证据的收集主要通过当事人向法院提出申请 ,由法院发布文书提出命令等方式来完成。近年来大陆法系各国日趋重视证据收集的作用 ,学理与判例创制了证明妨害、协作查明事实义务以及真实与完全陈述义务等支配证据收集制度的法理 ,扩大了文书提出义务的范围 ,赋予证据保全以证据开示的功能 ,并通过宽泛的秘密特权的规定限制法官在证据收集中的自由裁量。强调书证的早期自主开示 ,代表了大陆法系证据收集制度的发展趋向。     

On Her Majesty's Commercial Service: Bribery,Public Officials and the UK Intelligence Services

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