Proving liability for highly and fully automated vehicle accidents in Australia

This article considers how liability questions will be resolved under current Australian laws for automated vehicle (‘AV’) accidents. In terms of the parties that are likely to be held responsible, I argue that whether the human driver remains liable depends on the degree to which the relevant AV is automated, and the degree of control the human driver had over the events leading up to the particular accident. Assuming therefore that human drivers would not be held liable for the majority of highly and fully automated vehicle accidents, plaintiffs will have to establish liability on part of those who manufacture, maintain or contribute to the operation of AVs, under the claims available in Australia's product liability regime.This article then turns to the problems of proof that plaintiffs are likely to face in establishing AV manufacturer liability in negligence, or in a defective goods claim under Part 3–5 of the Australian Consumer Law (‘ACL’). Firstly, it may be difficult to determine the cause of the AV accident, due to the technical complexity of AVs and due to ongoing concerns as to the explainability of AI-decision making. Secondly, plaintiffs may struggle to prove fault in a negligence claim, or that the vehicle was defective for the purposes of Part 3–5 of the ACL. Essentially, under both actions, manufacturers will be held to a duty to undertake reasonable testing of their AVs. Given that it is currently impracticable to completely test for, and eliminate all AV errors, and due to the broader social utility the technology is likely to offer, plaintiffs may face evidentiary challenges in proving that the manufacturer's testing was unreasonable.     

刑事侦查的智能理论及实践手段

智能理论在刑事科学技术中的应用虽时间很短 ,但发展迅速。本文较详细地论述了人工智能及专家系统在刑事侦查领域中的应用前景及理论方法。根据刑侦系统的特点 ,如何有效地将智能理论和方法应用到实际问题中去 ,是开发刑侦智能系统的关键。研究表明 ,犯罪的发生是随机的 ,判断犯罪的行为和状态是模糊的 ,所以 ,刑侦智能系统的核心是对两种不确定性问题的研究。     

Dimensions of Emotional Intelligence and Their Relationships with Social Coping Among Gifted Adolescents in Hong Kong

Two hundred and fifty-nine gifted adolescents were assessed on their emotional intelligence and social coping strategies using the Emotional Intelligence Scale (N. S. Schutte et al., Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167–177, 1998) and the Social Coping Questionnaire (M. A. Swiatek, Gifted Child Quaterly, 39, 154–161, 1995). An item factor analysis yielded four dimensions of emotional intelligence, leading to the construction of 4 empirical scales of emotional intelligence. Students scored most highly on Social Skills and Self-Management of Emotions, followed by Empathy, and Utilization of Emotions. In coping with their being gifted, students endorsed to different degrees their use of 6 coping strategies, which were Valuing Peer Acceptance, Involvement in Activities, Attempting Avoidance, Denying Giftedness, Prizing Conformity, and Discounting Popularity. Social Skills emerged as the most important component of emotional intelligence predicting the use of strategies of Valuing Peer Acceptance and Involvement in Activities. Implications of the findings for enhancing emotional intelligence of adolescents in coping with problems arising from their being gifted and the need for further studies using longitudinal data are discussed.     

浅议课堂教学的三个拓展

为适应素质教育的要求,必须进行以三个拓展为核心的教学方法变革。这三个拓展分别是由传授知识向传导方法拓展、由传授知识向渗透情感拓展、由传授知识向发展智能拓展。以三个拓展为核心的新课堂教学方法将使学生的学力因素、人格因素和智能因素达到和谐统一,使他们更具迎接时代挑战的实力。     

关于建构反恐怖情报学的几点思考

当前，在反恐怖斗争中，情报工作日益显现出至关重要的决定性作用，构建符合我国实际的反恐怖情报学，已成为未来适应我国反恐怖斗争需要的紧迫任务。反恐怖情报学是研究是反恐怖情报活动的基本特点，揭示反恐怖情报活动的本质和规律，探寻积极有效的反恐怖情报战略和打击恐怖犯罪活动对策的综合性应用型学科。     

关于网络犯罪情报搜集的思考

随着人类社会信息化程度的提高,互联网在人类社会中的普及,网络犯罪逐渐成为一种新型的犯罪形式,适应预防和打击网络犯罪的需要,必须加强对网络犯罪情报的搜集。凡是与网络相关的犯罪都是网络犯罪情报搜集的对象,其内容包括人员情报、案件情报、线索情报、组织情报和样品情报五个部分。公安机关必须采取加强日常登记、加强情报专业队伍的建设、加强网络犯罪情报基础建设、加强与民间组织商业公司的合作、加强秘密力量建设以及加强与国际合作等措施,建立完善的网络犯罪情报搜集体系。     

布卢姆儿童智力发展曲线的由来及证伪

本研究通过严密细致的模拟实验来评价布卢姆的儿童智力发展曲线。结果表明：由于人的智力发展在很大程度上是非随机的过程,安德生的以随机实验为根据的重叠公式不适合用于计算机的智力发展,因此,以安德生的重叠公式为根据的布卢姆的智力发展曲线从本质上说是错误的。     

网络舆情问题及其情报工作机制构建

网络舆论具有两面性。公安机关应加强网络舆论情报工作机制建设,要明确网络舆论情报工作机制建设的目标、任务以及网络舆论情报工作内容,在此基础上,建立健全网络舆情信息搜集机制、汇总机制、分析研判机制、情报产品传递与服务机制、舆情应对与引导机制等五大机制,并加强专业人才队伍、组织机构、管理制度与文化、方法与技术、基础设施以及社会关系网络等六大保障体系建设。     

‘Weak ally’ or ‘strong enemy?’: Japan in the eyes of Russian diplomats and military agents, 1900-1907

Abstract

At the dawn of the twentieth century, ignorance towards the growing military power of Japan led Imperial Russia to her unexpected and decisive loss of the war of 1904–1905. Just ten years earlier in 1895, Japan was almost half-robbed of the spoils of her victory over China by the Western Powers (including Russia), which insisted on revising the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Boxer Rebellion of 1899–1901 stopped this confrontation and turned Japan and Russia into allies for a short time: Russian and Japanese soldiers fought together against the Chinese, constituting the two largest units among the five allied troops with Russians playing the leading role on the battlefield and the Japanese being their loyal deputy (as it was viewed by Russian media of the time). All these circumstances led Russia to underestimate the Japanese army in the following years. However, the Russo-Japanese War itself changed that attitude, turning it into a sort of ‘a-next-war-to-be-hysteria’ among the Russian officials who served in Japan after the war. The reports by Russian military agents and diplomats from special collections in the Hoover Institution of War, Columbia University, and other archives used in this paper show us that despite being their government's only ‘eyes’ watching the Orient, sometimes those eyes were ‘blinded’ by the loss in the recent war and by their own experiences. One major reason for this was that many Russian diplomats, military agents and spies had long been serving in the Far East, and for some of them the transformation of Japan from ‘weak ally’ to ‘strong enemy’ status happened so swiftly, they came to overestimate this new ‘peril.’ Another problem was Japanese language skill. In the same way that Russia could not properly predict the growing power of Japan before 1904, she wanted after the war to obtain all possible information about her neighbor and, thus, paid special attention to educating a new generation of oriental specialists.     

智能时代的数字劳动异化及其消解

伴随着数字智能技术的发展,数字劳动已在西方资本主义国家呈现出新的异化表征,主要表现 为资本家对数字劳动产品的无偿占有、数字劳动过程的非自我的加速与规训 、数字劳动主体类本质的异化以及 数字劳动关系的异化四个维度。这是多种成因共同作用的结果,数字生产资料的私人占有是根本原因,数字资 本的逐利本性是动力原因,数字智能技术资本化是技术原因,市场监管与劳动保障的缺失是外部原因。由于中 西方数字劳动问题存在本质差异,中国在新时代数字建设中,通过积极推进数字生产资料的共有共享、完善数 据生产要素参与的分配制度、加强数字智能技术治理、完善数字劳动治理体系等多方位举措,有效防范并化解 了数字劳动问题,为西方资本主义国家摆脱数字劳动异化困境、构建和谐数字劳动关系提供了中国智慧。