中西方选举传统的分歧、冲突与融合

对古代中国而言，“选举”指的是以皇帝名义进行的某种选贤任能的人事制度；对古代西方而言，“选举”指的则是以不同阶级制度为基础的代表制度，其目的在于分享特定事务的决定权。在西学东渐的背景下，近现代中国的选举，在与以往的察举、科举制度存在根本性差异的同时，并没有完全脱离察举、科举制度的基本价值取向，反而在相当程度上受到这些传统的影响，并产生了中国近代选举中的民智、政纲和异见问题。     

Human security,transnational crime and human trafficking – Asian and western perspectives,edited by Shiro Okubo and Louise Shelley

Chile began its re-democratisation process in 1990 with a profound lack of counter- money laundering standards. Over time, the nascent political order was compelled to build institutions and generate norms in light of the security principles promoted by foreign actors. However, Chile’s reluctance, for instance, to not create a financial intelligence unit (FIU) until 2003, put the country in a particular stance for assessing criminal proceedings. This article reviews the construction of Chile’s governance of money laundering and focuses specifically on the role played by the Unidad de Análisis Financiero (UAF, Chile’s FIU) in maximising inter-institutional governing relations. The paper reviews three periods of time: the institutionalisation era (1990–2002), the UAF’s formative years (2003–2008) and the policy-building phase (2009–2014). The research concludes by exploring how Chile’s case adds to our qualitative knowledge on democratic network governance.     

Intellectual Quotient of Juveniles Evaluated in a Forensic Psychiatry Clinic After Committing a Violent Crime*

Abstract: The purpose of this preliminary study is to evaluate if there is a difference between the intelligence quotient (IQ) of 27 adolescent defendants referred to the Bellevue Hospital Center Forensic Psychiatry Clinic after committing violent crimes, and those adolescents in the same age group in the general population of the United States, as defined by the norms of the psychometric testing instrument Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC‐IV). The IQ scores and sub‐scores were compared to IQ scores of the general population (mean = 100, SD = 15) using a Z‐test. The mean for the Full Scale IQ was 82.93. The means for the subtests which include Processing Speed Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, Verbal Comprehension Index, and Working Memory Index, were: 78.48, 87.78, 86.70 (p < 0.05), and 90.78 (p = 0.09) respectively. There is a statistically significant difference in the IQ scores of the violent juveniles studied when compared to the general population.     

人工智能在公安领域中的应用

智能科学是现代科学的前沿和热点,是计算机应用的高新技术。本文通过对人工智能有关理论的简介,论述了人工智能在公安等领域中的应用,同时也反映了智能技术的最新成果与发展方向。     

论刑事情报资料的管理及完善

本文简要地论述了两百年来刑事情报资料的发展情况,其中重点论述了美、英、日、德等国的发展水平。进而论述了刑事情报资料在现代侦查中的四大作用：（１）传统作用;（２）使各领域侦查方式全面改观;（３）对付当前各种犯罪的作用;（４）促进侦查民主、科学和公正化的发展。最后,谈及当前我国刑事情报资料管理的问题：（１）自动化程度不高;（２）种类不全;（３）管理分散落后效用低下;（４）有关法律有待完善;并根据这些问题提出了相应的四条完善建议：（１）全面实现刑事情报资料管理计算机网络化;（２）统一标准扩大刑事情报资料收集存储种类;（３）建立健全与刑事情报资料相关的法律;（４）提高刑事情报资料管理和使用人员的素质。     

Ambient accountability: intelligence services in Europe and the decline of state secrecy

Abstract

In the 1990s, judgments in the European Court of Human Rights concerning state surveillance forced many West European countries to introduce new parliamentary bodies and formal systems for accountability. Promising both greater transparency and lawful intelligence, these frameworks were then energetically rolled out to Central and Eastern Europe. Although officials boasted about their effectiveness, these formal accountability mechanisms have failed to identify serious abuses over the last decade. Moreover, the security regime in much of Central Europe still remains largely unreconstructed. The article argues that a robust culture of accountability cannot be conjured into existence merely by introducing new laws and regulations, or indeed by the increasing tide of media revelations about intelligence. However, it suggests that we are now seeing the rise of a more complex pattern of ‘ambient accountability’ which is at last challenging the secret state across Europe.     

Artificial Intelligence,Neom and Saudi Arabia's Economic Diversification from Oil and Gas

Saudi Arabia is diversifying its economy by becoming a global technological hub. Driven by its ‘Vision 2030' initiative, it has embarked on the most ambitious and far-reaching transformation plan in the Kingdom's history. At the core of this transformation are the investment and development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its integration into a new mega-city, Neom. Currently under construction, Neom is seeking to integrate robotics and AI seamlessly into every aspect of citizens' lives in a bid to generate revenues from key economic sectors for the future. This transition from an economy based on hydrocarbons to AI is, however, more than economic. It is a bid to secure the survival of the House of Saud and meet the growing challenges of constructing a state around oil. Nevertheless, what happens in Neom may provide insights into how AI will impact the world beyond a cross-roads built on sand.     

联合国CCW框架下致命性自主武器系统 军控辩争的焦点与趋势

在人工智能革命背景下致命性自主武器系统(LAWS)军控逐渐成为国际热点议题,联合国《特定常规武器公约》(CCW)会谈机制作为其核心平台召开了三次非正式专家会议和三次正式政府专家组会议。技术层面,主要探讨了LAWS的定义和特点,各方基本同意LAWS军控不应当妨碍民用人工智能技术创新,但对目前是否应制定及如何制定LAWS可行定义等问题存在分歧;伦理层面,讨论焦点在于LAWS对于人权和道德的冲击,各方基本认为不应将生死决定权让渡给机器,但对机器是否作为道德主体等问题存在分歧;法律层面,主要关注LAWS对现有国际人道法的冲击,各方基本同意现有国际人道法依旧适用于LAWS管控,但在是否需要除现有国际法之外增加监管机制等问题上存在分歧;军事层面,主要探讨了LAWS扩散风险对战略稳定性的冲击及存在的局限性等问题,各方基本同意研发部署LAWS的责任在于国家和指挥官,但在预防性禁止还是暂时放任,甚至鼓励发展LAWS等问题上存在分歧。展望未来,这一军控机制可能推动制定各方接受的LAWS工作定义,探索将伦理道德嵌入LAWS的可能性与方法,建立LAWS的法律审查机制,拟定暂停部署LAWS的政治宣言或法律文书。由此,中国应继续积极参与CCW框架下LAWS军控探讨,推动管控相关战略风险及伦理法律挑战,以维护自身国家利益和人类安全福祉。     

人工智能对就业的影响因素及作用机制研究

人工智能技术的创新和应用给经济社会带来了更为深刻的影响,在给人类创造价值的同时,也 给就业带来了不同的影响效应。本研究通过对国内外相关文献分析,在以往学者所构建的技术进步影响就业的 机理框架基础上,针对人工智能的特点,增加了人工智能技术对全球化和国际分工、产品的个性化设计和服务 方式以及工作模式和组织形态的影响的研究,并对就业产生的替代效应和创造效应进行了深入分析。在此基础 上构建了人工智能对就业的影响机制理论模型。     

人工智能影响复合战略稳定的作用路径:基于模型的考察

技术进步与时代变迁促使战略稳定的体系框架发生了重大变化。战略稳定理论的研究视角也经历了从核战略稳定、军事战略稳定到复合战略稳定的转变。一个新时期的复合战略稳定模型为探求上述理论与现实之间的互动提供了支撑,即通过战略能力、战略行为和战略意愿等三大链条,分析复合战略稳定的要素构成与互动关系,并且选取最有代表性的颠覆性技术——人工智能作为案例,分析其在复合战略稳定模型中的作用路径。人工智能的优势在于能够打破国家战略能力、战略行为和战略意愿三者的间隔,通过对战略能力的全面渗透效应、对战略意愿的双向引导效应、对战略行为的动态介入效应,从正负两个方面影响复合战略稳定。但是,人工智能对战略稳定的影响在多数情况下是负面的。这一发现,对于更好地认识人工智能对战略稳定的影响,以及维护战略稳定和提升人工智能治理能力,都具有重要的启示意义。