The ‘Hybrid Order’: origins and usage

The hospital direction (Hybrid Order) was inserted into the Mental Health Act (MHA) in 1997 (Crime (Sentences) Act, 1997). It enables higher courts to direct hospital admission for offenders, whilst still imposing a prison sentence. The origins of the ‘Hybrid Order’ and its patterns of usage are examined. Comparisons are made with its Scottish equivalent, Section 59A of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995. Both the ‘Hybrid Order’ and Section 59A have been used infrequently. This may reflect the fact that they were strongly resisted on ethical grounds at their point of inception and that they force the psychiatrist into the position of ‘punisher’, rather than ‘treater’. Since the 2007 Amendment of the MHA in England and Wales which expanded the remit of the ‘Hybrid Order’ to include all legal categories of mental disorder, not solely psychopathy, its use has unsurprisingly increased – this article delineates the considerations that need to be given in its recommendation.     

让政府权力在人民群众的有效制约和监督下运行

阳光是最好的消毒剂,建立阳光政府,是有效防止政府权力异化的重要途径。建立阳光政府、防止政府权力异化的关键在于让政府权力在最广大人民群众的有效制约和监督下运行。真正实现人民群众对政府权力的有效制约和监督,必须构建一套相应的体制和机制,切实落实人民群众的选举权、知情权、参与权、表达权、舆论权、罢免权。     

网络反腐及其对权力运行的监督

网络反腐包括民间网络反腐和官方网络反腐两种类型。民间网络反腐是广大网民借助于互联网,利用博客、微博、网络论坛、QQ群、网站新闻的跟帖、手机微信等形式揭露、举报国家公职人员的腐败行为和政府部门权力运行过程中出现的腐败现象的活动。官方网络反腐担负着监督执政党组织、国家机关和企事业单位及其工作人员运用人民赋予的权力依法运作公共权力,进行公共管理的各项活动的责任。政务公开则是各级政府开展网络反腐的最有效的方法之一。要实现官方网络反腐和民间网络反腐的有效衔接,使之真正成为政府纪检、监察等机构反腐败功能强有力的补充。网络反腐更重要的功能应体现在对权力运行的监督和制约上。     

Electoral and Political Changes: the Impact on Political Bureaucratic Relationships in Scottish Local Government

This paper explores a fundamental issue in public administration: the political bureaucratic relationship or political administrative interface. Much of the research and writing hitherto has been at central government level; and while important work on local government exists, relatively little exists on local government. The paper makes an important contribution to the field by researching aspects of the political administrative interface in the context of significant electoral and political changes in Scottish local government, which introduced single transferable voting and multi member wards. The research found an increase in intensity of senior bureaucrats' political management roles, a greater bureaucratisation of political and policy roles, increased scrutiny yet mixed findings about democratic processes. The approach and findings open up the research field and the paper concludes by suggesting some areas of future research potential.     

Fracture Characteristics of Entrapped Head Impacts Versus Controlled Head Drops in Infant Porcine Specimens,,

In many forensic cases, the job of forensic pathologists and anthropologists is to determine whether pediatric death is due to an abusive act or an accidental fall. The goal of this study was to compare the cranial fracture patterns generated on the parietal bone of a developing, infant porcine (pig, Sus scrofa) model by a controlled energy head drop onto a plate versus previous data generated by blunt force impact at the same energy onto the head constrained to a plate. The results showed that blunt force impacts on a head constrained to a rigid plate produces more fracture, but the same general pattern, as that for a head dropped onto the plate with the same level of impact energy. The study suggests that head constraint may be an important factor to consider in the evaluation of death causation for blunt force impacts to the pediatric skull.     

H19基因上游差异性甲基化区SNPs多态性研究

目的获得H19基因上游差异性甲基化区中SNPs的群体遗传学信息。方法采用PCR和测序技术,对105例中国北方汉族健康无关个体H19上游启动子区检测;使用Haploview 4.1和PowerStats V12软件进行统计学分析。选用甲基化敏感的限制内切酶(msRE)HpaⅡ,检测5个家系样本H19等位基因的亲代来源。结果测序结果显示,H19启动子区含有13个SNPs,组成5种单倍型,13种单倍型组合,其个体识别能力为0.856、多态性信息含量为0.67、非父排除率为0.498。经msRE HpaⅡ消化母源等位基因后,进行PCR及测序分析,检测出父源等位基因,排除1例和肯定4例家系的亲缘关系。结论 DNA甲基化标记和SNPs多态性检测,可同时进行多态性分型并确定等位基因的亲代来源,具有较高的法医学应用价值。     

我国行政问责法治化的困境与路径

行政问责法治化体现的是多数人的意志,其价值追求在于公众权利或公民权利的实现和保障。我国行政问责法治化的现实困境在于：法治化问责所要求的问责文化缺失、问责理念错位、问责体制不畅和问责制度滞后。我国行政问责法治化的实现路径在于：突出权利本位,塑造问责文化;保障公众参与,更新问责理念;强化权力制约,健全问责体制;加快统一立法,完善问责制度。     

试论临床教学基地患者隐私权的限制与保护

医学临床教育的社会公益性、医学生受教育权的法定性和临床教学基地性质与功能的双重性决定了临床教学中患者的隐私权应受到必要的、合理的限制。同时，从防范医疗纠纷等角度来看，也应对隐私权这一重要权益予以法律保护。临床教学中患者隐私权的保护既可规定于患者权利法中，也可规定在相关的临床教学规范中，在内容上应确立告知原则、同意原则和适当原则，并规定医学生的守密义务。     

肖像权三题简

肖像权是自然人享有的重要人身权。肖像利益是肖像权的客体,既包括人身利益也包括财产利益。角色形象不属于肖像权。肖像权包括肖像制作权、肖像使用权和肖像利益维护权。对肖像权的限制应限于法律明文规定。     

Discrimination of Soils at Regional and Local Levels Using Bacterial and Fungal T‐RFLP Profiling*

Abstract: DNA profiling of microbial communities has been proposed as a tool for forensic comparison of soils, but its potential to discriminate between soils from similar land use and/or geographic location has been largely unexplored. We tested the ability of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) to discriminate between soils from 10 sites within the Greater Wellington region, New Zealand, based on their bacterial and fungal DNA profiles. Significant differences in bacterial and fungal communities between soils collected from all but one pair of sites were demonstrated. In some instances, specific terminal restriction fragments were associated with particular sites. Patch discrimination was evident within several sites, which could prove useful for site‐specific matching (e.g., matching shoe/car tire print to an object). These results support the need for further understanding of the spatial distribution of soil microbial communities before DNA profiling of soil microbial communities can be applied to the forensic context.