Chinese Fathers in the Twentieth Century: Changing Roles as Parents and as Men

ABSTRACT

Fathers and fatherhood are increasingly visible in social science scholarship and public discourse, although the father’s different roles are yet to be integrated. Moreover, most existing studies on fathers and fatherhood focus on either European or North American fathers, or contemporary non-Western fathers; little is known about the historical changes in fatherhood culture in non-Western contexts. This article explores how elite fathers in Republican, Socialist, and Reform-era China see their roles as parents and as men amidst dramatic social changes in intergenerational and gender relations. A close examination of five elite fathers’ family letters and autobiographical writings reveals that the parent–child hierarchy began to diminish as early as Republican-era China and continued to decrease during the Socialist and Reform eras, as seen in fathers’ increasing recognition of their children’s autonomy and the heightened sense of intimacy in the father–child bond. However, changes in gender relations, especially in the fathers’ generation (as opposed to the fathers’ gender beliefs and practices towards their children) followed a much less straightforward path. The asynchronized changes in different facets of Chinese fatherhood may be attributed to the unique and complicated modern history of China in the twentieth century.     

Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Current Levels of Domestic Violence: A Possible Elaboration of Intergenerational Transmission Processes

Research conducted on the intergenerational transmission of domestic violence has framed much of its inquiry from within the context of social learning theory. Although consistently significant, the effect size of social learning-derived intergenerational transmission variables is often small. This study was undertaken in an effort to broaden the theoretical basis of intergenerational transmission of family violence by assessing if incorporating parental substance abuse variables with exposure to violence in family of origin would increase the predictive power of a multiple regression model. Subjects (N = 74) were men in treatment for domestic violence. Paternal substance abuse was found to exert effects on respondents' violent behavior comparable to those from exposure to family of origin violence. Findings supported a need to broaden theoretical views of the etiology of domestic violence perpetration.     

Intergenerational Communities

Abstract

The authors argue for intergenerational programs based on two contemporary orientations to teaching and learning: constructiv-ist and sociocultural. They provide examples of school-based intra- and inter-generational activities that challenge conventional notions about the capabilities of young children and speak to the learning benefits of collaborative decision-making. The authors offer several specific guidelines for intergenerational program developers and researchers that focus on assessing the learning potential of intergenerational initiatives. They also recommend case studies and participatory research approaches as particularly useful for gaining insight into intergenerational learning processes.     

货币政策传导机制的经济法规制

货币政策传导机制是金融宏观调控的一个重要组成部分。货币政策传导机制作为一个复杂问题,涉及多个环节,多种因素,多个主体,从而导致贷币政策的实施效果受到影响。笔者从货币政策传导的各个环节入手,实证分析了我国货币政策传导机制存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

羊脑多头蚴的超微结构观察

为观察羊脑多头蚴的超微结构,寻找自然感染羊脑多头蚴的病羊,采集多头带绦虫续绦期幼虫,固定于25mL/L戊二醛中,分别取其头节、囊壁、颈部区,超薄切片后进行透射电镜观察。结果表明,羊脑多头蚴的囊壁结构具有微毛,远离头节的囊壁微毛与头节附近颈部区囊壁的微毛分布情况不同;囊壁可明显分为皮层、间质层、实质区;在实质区可观察到皮层细胞、实质细胞、成石灰小体细胞、焰细胞、成肌细胞以及排泄系统结构;头节中可观察到很发达的肌纤维结构,头节内部有类似于囊壁的皮层结构,并可见粗大微毛,细胞种类明显少于囊壁实质区,含颗粒的囊泡结构明显增多。证明羊脑多头蚴囊壁的结构和细胞种类与其他绦虫相似,但有比较发达的排泄系统;头节外表面无皮层结构,仅有呈环状围绕的纤维和囊泡结构。     

电子邮件的调查与取证

电子邮件已经成为网民最常使用的网络服务。在大多数计算机犯罪案件中都涉及电子邮件的调查和取证。检查电子邮件需要注意其传输原理和编码的特殊性,取证人员需要掌握相应的取证技巧和技术。     

国内外输电线路设计规范风荷载取值标准的比较

以我国现行电力行业标准DL/T 5154-2002和DL/T 5092-1999关于风荷载的计算规定为基准,对国内外4套有代表性的输电线路设计规范风荷载的取值标准进行了分析比较,初步摸清了国内外规范风荷载标准值差异的定量数据.计算结果表明,我国输电线路铁塔结构的风荷载标准值普遍低于国外规范相同条件下的风荷载标准值,规范修订时建议将基本风压的统计重现期提高到50a一遇,并对我国输电线路基本风压的合理取值和统计风速的基准高度进行适当的调整.     

提高马克思主义理论接受效果的策略

提高马克思主义理论接受效果是推进马克思主义大众化的重要环节。提高马克思主义理论接受效果应从以下四个方面着手：一是向传播者提出更高的要求，要求传播者具备一定的权威性和专业性、公正性和公信力，能够创造良好的沟通氛围，平等真诚地进行对话和交流；二是把内在需要和外部动力结合起来调动接受对象接受马克思主义的积极性；三是利用人际传播、大众传媒、网络平台等途径传播马克思主义；四是创设接受环境，扩大传播范围。     

Social Citizenship,Housing Wealth and the Cost of Social Care: Is the Care Act 2014 ‘Fair'?

This article assesses the extent to which it is ‘fair’ for the government to require owner‐occupiers to draw on the equity accumulated in their home to fund their social care costs. The question is stimulated by the report of the Commission on Funding of Care and Support, Fairer Care Funding (the Dilnot Commission) and the subsequent Care Act 2014. The enquiry is located within the framework of social citizenship and the new social contract. It argues that the individualistic, contractarian approach, exemplified by the Dilnot Commission and reflected in the Act, raises questions when considered from the perspective of intergenerational fairness. We argue that our concerns with the Act could be addressed by inculcating an expectation of drawing on housing wealth to fund older age: a policy of asset‐based welfare.     

Glasnost and the emotional climate in eastern Europe

The year 1989 was as historic for Europe as 1848. The countries of Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania had disappeared from the emotional calendar of Western nations. But the people in what was erroneously called Eastern Europe were hurting because of their ostracism from Europe. Under glasnost, they showed, expressed, and acted upon their hurt. The actors were the youth and the artists. Glasnost has revealed what is best and worst in the traditions of these countries.