论律师的"提前介入"

近现代随着人本主义思潮的兴起,尊重和关怀人的自由和尊严成为现代法治国家创设各项制度的重要价值目标,我国宪法也把"尊重和保障人权"写了进来.反映在刑事诉讼中,则表现为加强对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的人权保障,不应把犯罪嫌疑人、被告人视为"单纯的客体,即司法的奴隶",而是把其"提高到一个自由的自我决定的地位"(黑格尔语)为此,刑诉法创设了在诉讼中,犯罪嫌疑人、被告人有权获得律师帮助的制度,1996年的刑事诉讼法专门对律师的介入作了新的的规定,即律师可以在侦查阶段会见犯罪嫌疑人,并可以提供法律帮助.转眼九年过去了,律师的提前介入却被人誉为"铺满鲜花的陷阱",为何会事与愿违呢?从实际入手,浅谈一下成因,略论一下解决的途径.     

ELISA抗体水平评价口蹄疫灭活疫苗免疫效果的可行性分析

为了探讨免疫抗体评价口蹄疫灭活疫苗效果的可行性,分别用5批次的口蹄疫O型-亚洲1型二价灭活疫苗(OS/99株+JSL/06株)、5批次的猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗(OZK/93株+OS/99株)免疫动物,在攻毒的同时采血分离血清,用液相阻断ELISA测定抗体效价,以分析抗体效价与免疫保护的关系。统计学分析表明,二价灭活疫苗的O型免疫抗体值与攻毒保护率(概率单位)之间呈正相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数为0.986;亚洲1型免疫抗体值与攻毒保护率(概率单位)之间呈正相关关系(P<0.05),相关系数为0.997,猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗免疫抗体值与攻毒保护率(概率单位)之间不呈正相关关系(P>0.05)。结果表明,应用抗体水平评价二价灭活疫苗的免疫效果是完全可行的,但用其评价猪O型灭活疫苗的免疫效果不具有可行性。     

Expectations,Rivalries, and Civil War Duration

This paper criticizes the status quo position in African politics on two accounts. First it furthered the consolidation of the state system, and thereby, the failure of integration on the continental level. Second, it resulted in the spread and escalation of ethnic conflicts as a reaction to the suppression of the aspirations for independent expression and equality.

At one level, explaining ethnic conflict requires the reconstruction, in terms of a theory, of the specific context in which it occurs. In this regard, we suggest that ethnic conflicts in Africa are an outgrowth of the consideration that ethnicity constitutes the dominant mode of political practice akin to the state system of dependent, nurture capitalism. Four conditions determine the conflictive potentialities of the ethnic situation: communalization of political practice, catastrophic balance between ethnic groups, economic and political inequalities, and articulation of class conflict and ethnic organization.

Conflict and integration processes are grounded in the dynamics of identity formation. Our hypothesis is that identity formation is contingent on four elements: a) maximum structured relations; b) minimum differentiation; c) maximum ideological interpellation; and d) maximum unity of labor processes. By projecting these conditions on African politics, we advance the thesis that integration in Africa could be worked out as a mode of ethnic conflict resolution and prevention if, in addition to the progressive substantiation of the four elements mentioned above, it takes place on the continental level.     

农村留守儿童心理健康的学校干预机制研究

大量的基层调查表明,农村中因父母外出打工而留守在家的“留守儿童”与同龄儿童相比存在着较为明显的行为、情绪、人格等方面的心理健康问题,并且依然有恶化的趋势。这些问题虽然尚不足以导致具有临床意义的心理障碍,但已影响到这些孩子健康成长。对此,一些学者和各地有关机构也提出并开始采取一系列措施进行心理干预,但从系统性、有效性和可操作性上看还缺乏说服力。基于对学校功能的认识和运用,应进一步探讨如何利用和拓展学校已有的教育功能（教育目标设置、教学管理、学生管理、师资建设和少团组织）,来干预留守儿童的心理健康问题。     

Explaining the Effectiveness of Heroin-assisted Treatment on Crime Reductions

This study examines the relationship between heroin-assisted treatment versus methadone maintenance and the criminal activity of 1,015 individuals participating in a German model project. The main objective is to investigate how these treatments contribute to a decline of criminal behavior. The analyses are based upon self-reported criminal offence and police data on alleged criminals. Logistic regression is employed to explain the variance in the 12-month prevalence 1 year after program admission. The results clearly show a decline of criminal offences among participants receiving maintenance treatment; this decline was significantly greater in the heroin group with respect to property crimes and drug offences. The multivariate analysis reveals that the effects are due to a decrease of illegal drug use and absence from the drug scene.     

检察机关“提前介入”问题研究

检察机关是依据我国宪法创设的法律监督机关,检察机关"提前介入"是强化与完善侦查监督,促进侦查程序法治化,理顺诉讼关系的重要手段之一,也是我国司法改革的研究方向之一.以检察机关在刑事案件侦查阶段提前介入为切入点,通过对国外检察机关侦查监督模式比较及法理分析,结合我国检察机关的宪法定位和当前侦查监督的现状,论证检察机关"提前介入"法律基础和现实必要性,并围绕"强化法律监督职能",对检察机关"提前介入"的制度化建设尝试提出建构性意见.     

DISRUPTING THE PATHWAY FROM FOSTER CARE TO THE JUSTICE SYSTEM—A FORMER PROSECUTOR'S PERSPECTIVES ON REFORM

Nearly half a million children are victims of abuse and neglect and part of our foster care system. Over time, many of these youth cross into our juvenile and then adult justice systems; some will end up as federal offenders, immersed in a process where mandated penalties provide little room for flexibility or consideration of the characteristics and needs of the individual. This article will offer the perspectives of a former prosecutor and child welfare advocate on: (i) the current conditions and challenges within our foster care system—the feeder for many youth into gangs and criminal activity; (ii) the misaligned priorities and disheartening patterns we currently see in our justice system; and (iii) the ill‐advised practices, that set our nation apart from the rest of the world, allowing juvenile offenders to receive life without parole sentences. The article will then discuss a series of recommendations in all of these areas that would enable us to turn the corner and chart an improved and more hopeful path for our nation's vulnerable and at‐risk children and youth.     

Does neighborhood watch reduce crime? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Neighborhood watch grew out of a movement in the USA during the late 1960s that promoted greater involvement of citizens in the prevention of crime. Recent estimates suggest that over a quarter of the UK population and over 40% of the US population live in areas covered by neighborhood watch schemes. The current paper presents the results of a recent systematic review of evaluations of neighborhood watch. The main findings of the narrative review were that about half of the schemes evaluated showed that neighborhood watch was effective in reducing crime, with most of the other evaluations having uncertain effects. The main findings of the meta-analysis were that 15 of the 18 studies provided evidence that neighborhood watch reduced crime. While the results of the review are encouraging, it was concluded that more high-quality research needs to be done to help explain why study variations exist.

从邓小平的"领导就是服务"观到建立"服务型政府"的实践

邓小平"领导就是服务"观是毛泽东"为人民服务"思想进入20世纪80年代后新的阐发.建立服务型政府,使"领导就是服务"有了制度保证,政府应当管什么,怎样管,这个问题要搞清楚,要从干预型政府,变为服务型政府,并提高服务能力和服务水平.     

高校应提升心理危机干预的能力——经历SARS反思高校心理咨询

心理危机干预是一种特殊的心理咨询服务。危机干预在处理各种“应激”中将发挥积极作用。提升危机干预的能力应成为今后高校心理咨询的任务之一