Open drug scenes and police strategies in Oslo,Norway

Harm reduction has since the late 80s gradually been part of Norwegian drug policy, challenging original working strategies for police in open drug scenes; places with extensive public trade and use of illegal drugs. This study addresses the research questions: What characterizes police work in open drug scenes in Oslo? How do the police solve the practical challenges of working within a ‘dual-track policy’ combining harm-reducing and punitive approaches? This historical analysis of police approaches to open drug scenes concerns the years 1993–2015. The open drug scene has moved continuously within a limited area around the Central train Station. The study uses data from newspaper articles, semi-structured interviews of responsible police in the area and public action plans by the Municipality of Oslo. Police strategies in Oslo’s drug scenes have changed from strictly punitive to a mixture of harm-reducing and punitive efforts. The police change back and forth between these strategies, and within the same time period they sometimes engage in both. Within the current drug policy, the dilemmas of practical police work persist, as inhabitants of the drug scene perform numerous criminal acts and simultaneously are in need of care.     

Sexual assault complainants on the stand: a historical comparison of courtroom questioning

Because most cases of alleged sexual assault involve few sources of evidence, the complainant’s testimony is crucial. In line with empirical research findings, the way in which police question sexual assault complainants has evolved to ultimately maximise both the completeness and accuracy of evidence. But has courtroom questioning changed over time? To answer this question, we compared the courtroom questioning of sexual assault complainants in the 1950s to that used in cases from the turn of the twenty-first century. Overall, lawyers in contemporary cases asked complainants more questions and uttered more words than they did historically. Complainants, too, appear to have become more vocal over time. Across the two time periods, the questioning style used by prosecuting lawyers has shifted towards a more open style. In stark contrast, the format of cross-examination questions has remained remarkably consistent over time, with leading questions still making up the bulk of the questions asked. These findings have important implications for future legal reform and legal practice.     

我国现阶段家庭问题的心理分析及对策

本文从心理学角度对家庭问题及其原因进行了分析研究,并提出了解决现代家庭问题的基本思路:整体看待家庭问题,增强家庭的正向力量;遵循家庭经营的法则;进行婚姻家庭辅导,构建学习型家庭;营造良好的文化引导氛围。     

Cyberbullying in Portuguese Schools: Prevalence and Characteristics

This study examined the extent and nature of cyberbullying in 23 Portuguese schools. A sample of 3,525 sixth-, eighth-, and eleventh-grade students completed a self-response questionnaire assessing their perceptions and experiences of cyberbullying. The findings showed that 7.6% of students have been victimized, and 3.9% have bullied others at least once over the last year. The incidences of victimization were higher for females and for the older students. In contrast, more boys reported having bullied others in the eleventh grade. The most frequent medium of cyberbullying was via websites, whilst sending offensive messages was the most widely reported type of behavior. Telling someone about cyberbullying is among the most frequent coping strategies used by cybervictims, who usually chose to tell their friends rather than adults. Implications of these findings for students, schools, and parents are discussed.     

The Difficulties of Common Security: On the Need for Value Consensus as a Basis for International Security

The essence of international security is common security, which relies heavily on basic consensus on security concepts and strategies among nations. However, since the beginning of the 20 th century, such a consensus or value basis has become very “thin” as a result of the following four factors: the inception of the global international system along with its cultural diversity; the great changes in political, economic and military arenas; the rise of nationalism and popular politics; and the emergence of superpowers and their antagonistic ideologies. Within strategic culture, there is juxtaposition between confrontational culture and cooperative culture. In security concepts, people have different preferences for national, international or global security. In terms of security strategies, there exist several competing models such as hegemonic stability, balance of power and institutional cooperation. The primary aims of international security remain: avoiding major wars, maintaining the stability of the international system and safeguarding the integrity of the nations. There are two new challenges: promoting global economic justice to avoid any domestic or international conflicts caused by an imbalanced international economic order; and meeting the challenges of various non-conventional security issues affecting human life on a global scale. In an era of security interdependence, the international community must make joint efforts to rebuild the consensus on security in light of the fundamental values of common security and cooperative security, and to practice a truly “international” security strategy so as to break away from the security dilemmas inflicted by each nation’s reliance on its own self-help and competing “national” security strategy.     

Public Employment in the Economic Downturn: The Case of an Australian State

Employment has been severely affected by the global financial crisis (GFC). This research considers the effects of the GFC on an Australian state public service workforce, reviewing trends before, during, and in the aftermath of the GFC. The workforce continued to grow, but at a slower pace, and with changes in inflows and outflows of employees. The workforce profile changed, with some decrease in the proportion of more vulnerable groups and some retention of stronger groups perhaps seeking a refuge during the GFC. Significant decentralization of workforce responsibility has meant comparatively little central effort to effect change during the GFC.     

新形势下有组织犯罪的特点及其对策

世界范围内有组织犯罪令人触目惊心。有组织犯罪在中国特指黑社会组织或者黑社会性质组织所实施的犯罪。在新形势下,有组织犯罪呈现出一些新特点:带黑社会性质的犯罪数量上迅速增长,质量上正向典型的黑社会犯罪演化;装备更趋现代化;犯罪的“组织化”程度越来越高,“企业化”趋势更加明显;犯罪手段上越来越重视“软”手段的运用;犯罪活动呈现跨区域化、国际化的发展趋势。针对这些特点,提出一些控制对策。     

论土地生态经济价值与绿色土地价格及其应用

从土地生态经济价值的概念入手,通过揭示土地生态经济价值的内涵引出了土地资源价格的概念,并给出了其定价思路。在此基础上,进一步论述了绿色土地价格的构成及其定价模型,并联系我国改革开放进程中招商引资的现实需要,给出了不同区域城市政府关于土地出让定价的约束条件和基本策略。     

国际视野中的腐败和反腐败对策

腐败是当今国际社会共同面临的最大难题之一。反腐败是全球性的。如果我们更多地了解国际社会对腐败的认识和反腐败对策 ,我们将从国际社会倡导的治理腐败的科学理念和策略中得到有益的启示。