APPLYING A GENERAL STRAIN THEORY FRAMEWORK TO UNDERSTAND SCHOOL WEAPON CARRYING AMONG LGBQ AND HETEROSEXUAL YOUTH

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) youth are at a higher risk for school victimization, social isolation, and school weapon carrying compared with their heterosexual peers, yet few studies have been conducted to investigate their experiences. By using a general strain theory (GST) framework, data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) statewide probability sample of Delaware heterosexual (n = 7,688) and LGBQ (n = 484) youth in grades 9–12 show that there are both similarities and differences in the factors associated with school weapon carrying among LGBQ and heterosexual youth. LGBQ and heterosexual youth's weapon carrying is related to school victimization, but social support does not moderate the relationship between school victimization and school weapon carrying as suggested by GST. Furthermore, being male is significantly related to heterosexual youth's weapon carrying, but sex is not related to weapon carrying among LGBQ youth. Overall, the results highlight a need to reconceptualize GST to help center the experiences of LGBQ youth, a historically marginalized group, within mainstream criminological literature. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

口蹄疫病毒Mya98谱系猪源及牛源2010年分离株的分子特征及蚀斑显型比较分析

为了明确口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)Mya98谱系猪源及牛源2010年分离株的分子特征及蚀斑显型差异,对采自不同宿主的4株FMDV进行了分子特征分析和蚀斑形态的比较。结果显示,来自不同宿主动物的分子特征差异主要表现为猪源毒株O/CHN/Mya98/2010S2与2个牛源毒株之间具有21个特异性的氨基酸置换位点,分散在ORF范围内。猪源毒株O/CHN/Mya98/2010S1具有与牛源毒株大量相似的氨基酸位点,并且与2株牛源毒株一样,都显示为小斑的蚀斑显型,而猪源毒株O/CHN/Mya98/2010S2在蚀斑试验中显示为大小斑混合存在。结果表明,猪源毒株O/CHN/Mya98/2010S2的变异位点对病毒蚀斑显型的改变具有重要意义。     

Race and General Strain Theory: Microaggressions As Mundane Extreme Environmental Stresses

This article spotlights racial microaggressions as relevant for understanding delinquency and the race gap in offending among middle-schoolers. In doing so, we draw on an emerging body of delinquency research rooted in general strain theory that demonstrates the emotional and behavioral tolls of face-to-face discrimination. We contend that this body of research has not established the full impact of racial microaggressions on delinquency because it has not considered that the specter of microaggressive encounters follows African American youth in particular from experience to experience. Specifically, we propose that racial microaggressions influence juvenile offending both directly—as previously documented—and by exacerbating the impact of co-occurring stressful events and experiences on negative emotions and delinquency. Using data collected at a southeastern middle-school, we find support for this proposition, empirically documenting that racial microaggressions interact with co-occurring stressful experiences in OLS models predicting delinquency.     

Broken Hearts and Battered Lives: Adverse and Abusive Life Histories and Externalized Responses to Anger as Pathways to Illicit Drug Use Among Incarcerated Women

Most incarcerated women suffer from adverse and abusive life histories, including adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as sexual, physical, emotional abuse, and neglect, and intimate partner violence (IPV). In addition, many have difficulties regulating their anger expression and most participate in illicit drug use. Although many have offered explanations for these relationships, the current study is among the first to utilize an integrated feminist pathways and general strain theory (GST) approach to explain them. Using data from a stratified random sample of all incarcerated women in Oklahoma (N?=?441), we explore the linkages between ACEs, IPV, the externalized expression of anger, and heavy illicit drug use. Our findings indicate that childhood physical and sexual abuse are significantly associated with externalized responses to anger. However, the effects of childhood adversities, particularly sexual abuse, on heavy illicit drug use are mediated by externalized responses to anger suggesting that anger plays a significant role in women’s pathways to illicit drug use. In contrast, and somewhat surprisingly, being a victim of IPV was negatively related to externalized responses to anger and not significantly related to illicit drug use. Implications for the importance of utilizing an integrated feminist pathways and GST approach in future research are offered.     

GENERAL STRAIN THEORY: ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE USING CROSS‐CULTURAL DATA*

Data from random samples of residents in major cities of Russia, Ukraine, and Greece are employed to test hypotheses about linkages among objective strain, subjective strain, anger, and criminal probability specified in general strain theory (GST). In addition, the potential conditioning effects of religiosity and self‐control on the strain/criminal probability relationship are investigated. Results show more challenge than support for GST. In particular, all supportive results are for the Ukrainian sample with the Greek and Russian samples providing little confirmation to the study's hypotheses. Although analyses show some support for the basic premises of GST, using a measure of subjective strain does not improve results, and self‐control and religiosity do not seem to condition the effects of strain on criminal probability. Overall, the findings point to contextual specificity of GST as currently formulated and suggest the need for further theorizing.     

禽副粘病毒2型标准株和国内分离株的透射电镜及免疫电镜观察

将禽副粘病毒2型的标准毒株Yucaipa病毒和国内分离株F4、F6和F8株分别接种SPF鸡胚,收获鸡胚尿囊液;经差速离心和蔗糖密度梯度离心后,分别制备电镜样品和免疫电镜样品;经10 g/L醋酸双氧铀负染后电镜观察病毒粒子形态.电镜下病毒粒子大小差别较大,形态呈圆形或椭圆型,直径150-300 nm,有结构致密的基质蛋白膜,有的囊膜外可见纤突.免疫电镜样品中病毒明显集中,便于观察.     

根据中国现实的法律理想图景——评邓正来教授《中国法学向何处去》

"根据中国"在《中国法学向何处去》一文中具有十分重要的意义."如何认识中国"是该文一个绕不开的问题,因此,邓正来对如何根据中国、由谁来根据中国的解释成为我们评价《中国法学向何处去》的理论贡献及其限度的重要依据.     

犬瘟热病毒TN野毒株核蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

根据GenBank中收录的犬瘟热病毒(CDV)Onderstepoort株核蛋白基因(N)序列,设计了1对特异性引物,用该引物对分离的TN野毒株进行了RT PCR扩增;将扩增得到的PCR片段纯化后与pGEM T质粒连接,得到重组质粒pTN。经核苷酸序列测定,CDVTN株N基因的ORF全长1569bp,编码523个氨基酸;将TN野毒株与GenBank中收录的其他CDV毒株进行比较,N基因核苷酸序列的同源性为94%～99%,推导的N蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性为97%～99%。TN株与Onderstepoort疫苗株氨基酸序列的差异主要集中在N端(17～159位)和C端(408～519位),中间的区域则高度保守。此外,在CDVN蛋白N端281～289位上也发现存在与麻疹病毒(MV)N蛋白完全相同的Y P A L G L H E F9肽序列,推测可能是诱导CTL活性的靶蛋白的抗原表位之一。氨基酸组成分析发现,推导的N蛋白氨基酸序列中亮氨酸、丝氨酸和异亮氨酸所占比例很高,提示该蛋白具有高度螺旋和缠绕的分子结构。     

A Retrospective Analysis of Repeated Incarceration Using a National Sample: What Makes Female Inmates Different From Male Inmates?

As a consequence of the War on Drugs, many women experience repeated incarceration. Extant research on habitual offending has mostly focused on male offenders. Drawing upon research on female and male offenders’ recidivism, traditional theories of female criminality and the premises of GST, social control, and differential association theories, we constructed an integrated model to examine risk factors for repeated incarcerations among male and female adult offenders. We used data from the Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities. Our analysis revealed that, similarly to male offenders, female offenders’ repeated incarcerations were statistically associated with drug abuse, exposure to family members’ and friends’ drug addiction, parental incarceration, and unemployment.     

Time's Up

This study tests general strain theory among a sample of 216 incarcerated women. Incarcerated women cope with many strains in prison. They frequently rely on social support from other inmates as coping mechanisms. Some even form pseudofamilies. Such relationships may impact the level of strain and negative emotions these women experience and the misconduct they engage in. The purpose of this study is to explore what relationship (if any) exists between strain, anger, depression, institutional misconduct, and pseudofamily membership. Findings suggest limited support for general strain theory and highlight the importance of women's past victimizations and impulsivity in predicting their misconduct.