Gender and Juvenile Drug Abuse: A General Strain Theory Perspective

This study is a partial test of Robert Agnew's (2006 Agnew , Robert. 2006 . “Pressured Into Crime: General Strain Theory.” Pp. 201 – 209 in Criminological Theory: Past to Present. , 3rd ed. , edited by F. T. Cullen and R. Agnew . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . [Google Scholar]) general strain theory. The sample consists of 39,879 juveniles between the ages of 10 and 17 from a metropolitan area in Texas with more than 5 million people. Logistic regression is used to determine the effect of living situation on drug offenders, drug recidivists, and juvenile court case outcome when race, abuse, sex, and mental health problems are controlled. Gender-specific analysis is used to test L. Broidy and R. Agnew's (1997 Agnew , Robert and Timothy Brezina . 1997 . “Relational Problems With Peers, Gender, and Delinquency.” Youth & Society 84 – 111 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) hypothesis that girls and boys react differently to strain. Results show partial support for the influence of a strained living situation on drug offenders, drug recidivists, and case outcome. Support is found for the hypothesis that boys' and girls' experiences with strain differ.     

Incarcerated Parents and Health: Investigating Role Inoccupancy Strains by Gender

This article elaborates research on parenthood, gender, and health by considering the context of incarceration using the stress process paradigm. The chronic strain of non-participation in a desired role, or “role inoccupancy,” in the form of non-resident parenthood on arrest is associated with psychological distress at time of lockup among women but not men, indicating a gendered strain. However, for both incarcerated men and women, anticipated resident parent role inoccupancy upon release (or expectations not to live with their minor children) is generically associated with current subjective mental health problems net of distress prior to lockup. Role inoccupancy strains are further associated with subjective physical health problems among women but not men, indicating more pervasive associations among the former.     

The States' Role in U.S. Local Government Fiscal Crises: A Theoretical Model and Results of a National Survey

Abstract

This article hypothesizes four potential roles that states may play in dealing with local government fiscal crises: predict, avert, mitigate and prevent the recurrence of local fiscal crises. Based on a 50‐state telephone survey administered by the author to members of the National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers in 2002, this article presents detailed information on states' roles in dealing with actual local government fiscal crises. The research found that ten states had formal definitions of local government fiscal crises while the remainder varied between having a working definition, having no definition, or leaving it to local authorities to define a fiscal crisis for themselves. Although the majority of states lacked a rigourous, legal definition of what constitutes a local government fiscal crisis, 36 states reported that they had had such crisis in recent history in their states. Seven overlapping categories of state approaches emerged: the directive approach, the proactive approach, the ad hoc approach, the special legislation approach, the reform approach, the takeover approach, and the responsive approach. States reported a wide range of activities under each of the hypothesized roles. In general, states tended to get involved after a crisis rather than before one occured.     

绵羊慢病毒北疆株自然感染新疆美利奴羊的研究

选１２只自然感染绵羊慢病毒（ＯｖＬＶ）的成年新疆美利奴羊，用琼脂凝胶免疫扩散（ＡＧＩＤ）试验连续检查血清中ＯｖＬＶ沉淀抗体，发现抗体应答的类型发生转换，即只出现对病毒核心蛋白抗原（如ｐ２５）的抗体（外线）、出现对病毒包膜糖蛋白（ｇｐ１３５）的抗体（内线），同时出现对ｐ２５和ｇｐ１３５二者的抗体（双线）互相转换。从试验羊的多个器官中分离到３株ＯｖＬＶ，分别命名为ＯｖＬＶＮＸＪ５５，ＮＸＪ７３和ＮＸＪ０４１８株，其ＴＣＩＤ５０／ｍＬ值依次为１×１０－５．６，１×１０－５．４和１×１０－４．５。剖检的６例均有淋巴细胞性乳腺炎，其中２例同时有淋巴滤泡形成，病变率为１００％。肺无淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎病变，２例肺内有淋巴滤泡形成。脑、滑膜无ＯｖＬＶ感染的特异性病变。所有试验羊未发生任何与ＯｖＬＶ感染有关的临床症状。结果表明，乳腺是对ＯｖＬＶ最敏感的靶器官，ＯｖＬＶ北疆株为弱毒株，新疆美利奴羊是对ＯｖＬＶ的低敏性品种。     

伪狂犬病病毒Ea株糖蛋白基因gL的克隆和序列分析

根据已发表的基因序列设计了 1对PCR引物 ,以伪狂犬病病毒Ea株 (pseudorabiesvirusEa ,PRVEa)基因组DNA为模板 ,扩增出一大小为 5 11bp的片段。通过酶切和测序证实 ,该基因为伪狂犬病病毒Ea株的又一糖蛋白基因 ,即gL基因。Blast软件分析表明 ,该基因与Kaplan株核苷酸序列的同源性为 94% ,氨基酸序列的同源性为 95 %。将测序结果输入GenBank ,获得登录号AF44 845 6。     

广东省猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒主要结构蛋白基因的变异分析

根据GenBank中猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)美洲株(ATCC VR 2332)基因序列分别设计合成了针对PRRSV ORF3、ORF5和ORF6 基因的引物,利用RT PCR从广东省送检的5份病料中均分别扩增得到了大小约787、630 和550 bp的片段,将扩增的cDNA片段克隆入pMD 18 T载体并测序。应用DNAStar软件分析,并与国内外已发表毒株和疫苗株(RespPRRS/Repro、RespPRRS MLV)、LV4.2.1 株的序列进行比较。结果显示,这5 个毒株与CH 1a、HB 1(sh)、BJ 4、ATCC VR 2332、疫苗株等毒株ORF3、ORF5、ORF6 的核苷酸同源性分别为87.2%~98.7%、85.4%~96.8%、91.8%~98.9%,推导的氨基酸同源性分别为84.6%~97.6%、84.5%~95.5%、94.8%~98.9%;而与LV4.2.1株的核苷酸同源性分别为56.1% ~58.3%、54.4%~57.0%、62.2%~64.4%,推导的氨基酸同源性分别为53.9%~56.7%、54.0%~57.0%、78.0%~80.3%。基因系统发育树表明,广东省流行的PRRSV 与HB 1(sh)株的亲缘关系比较近。     

猪巨细胞病毒SC株DNA聚合酶基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为克隆出猪巨细胞病毒SC株DNA聚合酶(DPOL)基因并对其进行分析,根据GenBank中的DPOL基因序列(AF268040)设计了1对引物,用PCR法扩增出猪巨细胞病毒SC株DPOL基因,将其克隆到T载体,测序并进行生物信息学分析。测序结果表明,猪巨细胞病毒DPOL基因全长3 024bp,为一个完整ORF,共编码1 008个氨基酸;与参考毒株的核苷酸同源性为98%,系统进化树表明猪巨细胞病毒与人疱疹病毒6型和7型关系最近;运用生物信息学软件推导出该蛋白的基本性质,并预测出高级结构。成功地进行了猪巨细胞病毒SC株DPOL基因的克隆和生物信息学分析,为今后此基因生物学功能和猪巨细胞病毒复制机理的研究以及病毒系统分类工作提供了参考。     

新城疫病毒Mukteswar毒株反向遗传系统的建立

为了建立新城疫病毒(NDV)Mukteswar毒株的反向遗传操作系统,根据已测定的NDV Muk-teswar毒株的全基因组序列设计了5对引物,扩增出包含全基因组cDNA的5条片段,并按一定顺序依次克隆入pSL1180载体中,然后在cDNA 5′末端插入T7启动子序列,3′末端导入具有自我剪切功能的丁肝病毒核酶序列和T7转录终止信号,构建了能转录具有精确5′和3′末端全基因组cDNA的转录载体pNDVT7。将表达核蛋白、磷酸蛋白及转录大蛋白的辅助表达载体pCIneoNP、pCIneoP和pCIneoL与pNDVT7按一定比例混合共转染BRS-T7细胞,4 d后将细胞悬液接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,结果获得了高效价的重组病毒。表明本研究建立的反向遗传系统能高效、快速拯救重组新城疫病毒毒株。     

单核细胞增生李斯特菌野毒株prfA基因的克隆及其分子特征分析

利用PCR技术对单核细胞增生李斯特菌(LM)TA野毒株prfA基因进行扩增,将其克隆后测序,并对该分离株prfA基因及其编码蛋白进行分子特征和遗传变异分析。结果显示,TA株prfA基因全长为714bp,编码237个氨基酸。通过对推导的prfA蛋白氨基酸序列结构域分析发现,该蛋白从N端到C端分别包括1个β-环结构域(18～97aa)、1个α-螺旋构成的C区(110～136aa)、1个α-螺旋构成的D区(136～155aa)、1个由螺旋-转角-螺旋构成的HTH结构域(170～196aa)和1个由α-螺旋构成的亮氨酸拉链G区结构域(211～237aa)。通过对GenBank中登录的35株分离株prfA基因遗传变异分析发现,不同地域分离株的prfA基因在核苷酸水平以点突变为主;TA株第197位氨基酸由赖氨酸(Lys,K)突变为天冬氨酸(Asn,N)。