电子商务商业方法专利的创造性判断标准分析

自1998年以来,世界各主要国家对于电子商务商业方法的可专利性逐渐达成共识,但是在实施何种创造性判断标准方面却各行其是。本文首先从理论上对电子商务商业方法专利的创造性判断标准进行阐述,认为应当从发明方案的整体角度考察,并且厘清了创造性与技术性的关系。继之,文章对美国、欧盟和日本在实践中并未坚持贯彻该理论标准的原因进行了分析,得出具体标准还应考虑各国专利法律制度整体及科技与产业发展水平。最后,结合具体国情,本文认为,我国应当明确以“非显而易见性”即“突出的实质性特点”为标准,从发明方案的整体去判断,而不必苛求其中的计算机信息网络技术具有过高的创新性。     

体育动作可专利性法律问题研究

体育产业化要求利用知识产权保护体育运动参与者的经济利益。体育动作的不断革新要求对引入专利保护进行研究。通过分析专利制度法律规定和体育动作的特性发现,体育动作具有受到专利保护的可能性。但是,通过专利保护体育动作仍然需要克服许多困难,只有体育产业和法律制度能够良好的协调和互动,才能通过体育动作的专利保护促进体育运动的进步和体育产业的健康发展。     

制度构建与社会变迁——近代中国专利立法论

从《资政新篇》的问世到1944年《中华民国专利法》的颁布,近代中国专利制度的建立经历了一个艰难曲折的历程。由于近代专利制度是从西方移植而来,加之近代中国社会的动荡,因而近代专利制度对近代中国经济发展的促进作用远逊于西方。     

Nazlı's photographic games: Said and art history in a contrapuntal mode

ABSTRACT

Through a focus on photographic portraits commissioned in the late nineteenth century by the Ottoman-Egyptian Princess Nazl? Han?m, Roberts analyses the ways they tested Ottoman and western conventions. An examination of Nazl?'s strategic engagement with photography in this period positions her within the often-separated domains of Egyptian nationalism, Ottoman political reform, western Orientalist art and a proto-feminist moment of Egyptian women's history. One of the striking things about the Nazl? portraits is their transgressive inventiveness. This is transgression as Edward Said defines it, with an emphasis on crossing boundaries, testing and challenging limits, and cutting across expectations. Nazl?'s inventiveness is apparent through her canny experimentation with the codes of portrait photography and the ways she deploys her portraits as tokens of exchange within her culture and with her European interlocutors. Roberts argues that Nazl? Han?m's use of photography operates in a contrapuntal mode in the Saidean sense of a simultaneity of voices that sound against, as well as with, each other. Over the last three decades Said's writings have provided a crucial methodological framework for the critique of western Orientalist visual culture. Recently art historians have repositioned this corpus of western imagery in relation to art by practitioners from the region and addressed cultural exchanges. Said's seminal text Orientalism has been pivotal within these debates. Yet it is not so much this landmark book, but rather Said's writings on music, in which we can find an alternative approach to cross-cultural exchange. By transposing this model into the domain of art history, Roberts engages with his notion of reading contrapuntally. Said was interested in the broader applicability of this term, although its potential as an interpretive model for the visual arts remains unexamined. Through this case study of Nazl? Han?m's photographs, Roberts reassesses the value of Said's writings on music for understanding nineteenth-century visual culture.     

The confection of a nation: the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova

Both Australians and New Zealanders claim the Pavlova (a large meringue cake, covered in cream and fruit) as their national dish. The historical record does not settle its birthplace. On the contrary, published recipes reveal the complex process of social invention through the swapping of practical experience across both countries. The illusion of a singular creation can be explained by distinguishing a second, associated level of social construction. This applies to the more ideal processes through which cooks and eaters attached a name, meanings and myths, producing a widely-held concept that was deceptively distinct. The Pavlova evolved along with other social constructs, notably femininity and nationalism, which became ironic in tone. Typically consisting of a set of instructions (“take 1/2 lb sugar”) and an often figurative title (“Pavlova”), recipes are valuable historical sources for mapping the social invention of material items and the social construction of ideas about them.     

中美现有技术抗辩制度之比较

本文从中关专利无效宣告制度的差异入手,分析了现有技术抗辩制度在中关专利法中的不同地位及其不同功能。现有技术抗辩制度的适用规则由该制度在专利法中的地位和功能所决定。本文通过回顾中美适用现有技术抗辨制度的部分典型案例,分析了两国在现有技术抗辩制度适用规则上的差异,以及这些差异给我国带来的启示。     

论标准化中专利权滥用的法律规制

现代的国际贸易已从卖产品到卖技术转换到现在的卖标准,公共领域的标准和代表私人利益专利权的结合,造成了权利人滥用专利权,为了平衡各方面利益,标准组织和反垄断机构应当对专利权利人的行为进行共同的规制。     

Reflection of the Examination System of Utility Model from Ineffective Patents:Empirical Research in Zhejiang Province

In recent years, China's utility model patent applications have been growing, yet the patent effective amount has not been keeping the same pace. There are still a lot of ineffective utility model patents. For this problem, this paper analyzes the ineffective patent information of Zhejiang Province and finds that most of the ineffective utility model patents are abnormal ineffective patents. Further detailed analysis shows that the root cause for the result is the low quality of the authorized utility model patent. The key factor that influences the authorized quality of utility model patent is the examination system of the utility model patent. The defects in relevant laws and regulations in the examination system of the utility model patent are the major obstacle to the actual realization of the requirements of the patent. On this basis, this paper compares the examination system of the utility model with those in other countries, draws lessons from them, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.     

人类克隆技术的专利保护

随着生物技术特别是克隆技术的发展,人类克隆技术是否受到专利法的保护成为备受人们关注的问题。由于人 类克隆技术涉及到人类伦理道德和公序良俗等问题,现在许多国家都把此类技术排除在专利保护之外。但是,人 类克隆技术不等于克隆人的技术,克隆也不等同于生殖性克隆,不加区分地禁止人类克隆技术是不利于克隆技术 发展的。况且,本质上来说反对克隆人不是专利法的任务。我们应该尽快制定关于禁止生殖性克隆的法律,而对 于其他的人类克隆技术则可以毫无阻碍地获得专利保护,这样既可以保护社会和公众的利益,又可以推动克隆技 术的更快发展。     

无形资产的管理策略

本文主要对无形资产管理中的专利管理策略,商标管理策略和商业秘密管理策略进行了探讨。