Housing Upkeep and Public Good Provision in Residential Neighborhoods

Neighborhood condition is a public good in part provided by neighborhood residents’ private property maintenance. Considering neighborhood condition as an impure public good provides a theoretical basis for understanding how the level of neighborhood quality may affect residents’ home maintenance decisions. Empirical results in a low-income neighborhood, where formulating public policy to improve neighborhoods is of significant concern, indicate a positive substitution effect. When neighborhoods improve, residents respond by increasing exterior home upkeep. This result is robust to both changes in the neighborhood condition generated by other neighbors’ increase in maintenance and exogenous public investment in the neighborhood.     

汉语的性别差异研究综述

语言的性别差异目前是社会语言学研究的一个重要问题,汉语性别差异的专门研究起步较晚,但最近30年有不少研究成果问世,主要围绕语言表现和言语交际的性别差异展开,具体体现在语音、词汇、会话场景和语境等诸多方面。从中显现的性别歧视和语言表达风格的差异可以合理运用西方理论框架来分析解释,即可以通过社会建构的概念,在支配和文化差异的方法间找到一个折衷。     

胁从犯存废论

胁从犯是我国刑法特有的规定。胁从犯的存在有违背责任原则之虞,并且不利于"统一法秩序"的构建。基于心理动因、刑罚目的、谦抑精神、司法实践等方面的反思,当法律无法强求受胁迫者拒绝实施犯罪行为,亦即受胁迫者欠缺合法行为的期待可能性时,就不应追究受胁迫者的刑事责任。因此,胁从犯的规定是不必要的,可以考虑予以废除。     

论我国过失共同正犯的规范前提——以《刑法》第25条第2款的规范构造为中心

我国过失共同正犯的理论与实务都是以《刑法》明确否定过失共同正犯的成立为前提的。在此前提下,既不利于实践问题的解决,也不利于过失共同正犯理论自身的发展,因此有重新审视的必要。通过言语行为理论可以发现,《刑法》第25条第2款的规范构造既是行为规范也是制裁规范。作为行为规范,该条所禁止的是引起法益侵害结果的过失共同犯罪行为。而作为制裁规范即是要对违反行为规范的行为作出评价。因此,法官在依照该制裁规范裁判案件时,是以过失共同犯罪行为为评价对象的。在具体定罪量刑之前,需要确定是否成立过失共同犯罪,进而将结果归责于各行为人,这就为过失共同正犯的解释论展开提供了规范前提。     

共同过失命题之证伪

共同过失这个命题是共同侵权制度据以扩张解释的一个理论假设。然而目前所有关于共同过失的观点及其论证都是不成立的。共同过失就其实质而言,属于无意思联络的数人过失侵权,按照目前侵权责任法的规定,数人应对受害人承担按份责任。然而共同过失这个理论假设不适当地扩张了共同侵权行为的范围,并导致了连带责任制度被滥用。     

Campaigning in a Direct Democracy: Three Case Studies

This research note focuses on Switzerland's relationship with the EU, and the role direct democracy plays in this relationship. Specifically, the research question asked is whether behaviour on the part of the campaigners can be understood through the lens of Riker's so‐called dominance principle: “when one side successfully wins the argument on an issue, the other side ceases to discuss it” (Riker 1993: 81). One corollary of the dominance principle is that there will tend to be a concentration on a smaller and smaller number of arguments over the course of a campaign, because campaigners are induced to focus on a small subset of issues, their “winning issues”. On the basis of a data set consisting of campaign advertisements appearing in Swiss newspapers in the four‐week periods before the EU‐related 1992, 2000 and 2001 votes, the analysis actually shows little evidence of any concentration of arguments. The research note concludes by considering some implication of this for Swiss direct democracy.     

无意思联络数人侵权的责任。承担——基于对《侵权责任法》第11、12条的分析

虽然《侵权责任法》第11、12条对无意思联络数人侵权作了规定,但仍未明确其责任的承担问题。《侵权责任法》第11、12条对无意思联络数人侵权行为的划分是以因果关系为标准的,任何一种侵权行为都是同一损害后果的必要条件而非充分条件,单独有其中任何一方的侵权都不会导致损害结果的发生,当且仅当两者结合时损害结果才会产生,反过来,损害结果的发生必须是两个人以上侵权行为的共同结合。在无意思联络数人侵权中,不论每个行为人的行为是否足以造成全部损害,只要在损害结果与每一个侵权行为都不可分的情况下,就应认定为连带责任,在损害结果可分的情况下,应认定为按份责任。     

吉林省物流业与制造业联动发展的潜力分析

现代物流业因其与大多数产业、部门具有很强的关联性,对相关产业的发展以及经济增长具有显著的带动效应;制造业则是国民经济的支柱,两者联动发展已成为促进区域经济增长、产业结构优化升级的重要举措之一。通过灰色关联度分析表明,吉林省制物流业与制造业的关联度不高,二业联动处于不甚协调状态。因此,需要通过健全规划、完善机制、搭建信息平台来大力推进制造业与物流业的联动发展。     

Justifying violence: legitimacy,ideology and public support for police use of force

Under what conditions do people support police use of force? In this paper we assess some of the empirical links between police legitimacy, political ideology (right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation), and support for ‘reasonable’ use of force (e.g. an officer striking a citizen in self-defence) and ‘excessive’ use of force (e.g. an officer using violence to arrest an unarmed person who is not offering violent resistance). Analysing data from an online survey with US participants (n?=?186) we find that legitimacy is a positive predictor of reasonable but not excessive police use of force, and that political ideology predicts support for excessive but not reasonable use of force. We conclude with the idea that legitimacy places normative constraints around police power. On the one hand, legitimacy is associated with increased support for the use of force, but only when violence is bounded within certain acceptable limits. On the other hand, excessive use of force seems to require an extra-legal justification that is – at least in our analysis – partly ideological. Our findings open up a new direction of research in what is currently a rather sparse psychological literature on the ability of legitimacy to ‘tame’ coercive power.     

论无特殊身份者参与身份犯的基本界限与程度

在身份犯中,由于具备特殊身份的自然人的危害行为才可能侵犯法益,或加重、减轻法益的侵害,因此,刑法典分则将其作为一种特殊的犯罪类型加以规制。但不具备特殊身份者可以与具备特殊身份者共同侵犯身份犯保护的法益,因此,其可以成为身份犯的共同犯罪人。实行犯与正犯是两个不同的概念,具有不同的机能。对于无特殊身份者能否成为身份犯的共同实行犯之问题,须根据身份犯的实行行为分别而论。但无身份者不能成为身份犯的共同正犯,否则,"区别对待共同犯罪中的首恶者与胁从者,惩办少数,改造多数"之刑事政策就不能实现。