调研及其政治话语的兴起：1930—1942——以毛泽东的调研文本与实践为中心

作为一种普遍性人类实践活动的调研古已有之。20世纪初的中国大地上至少有三类调研实践值得注意,其中,以毛泽东为代表的共产党人对根据地或解放区的调研实践,奠定了中国调研的“马克思主义学派”的基础和方向,具有鲜明的政治属性。“没有调查就没有发言权”是由毛泽东提出的个人论断,在经历了一系列理论与实践上的曲折历程之后,最终成为中共党内一种重要的政治话语。这一政治话语在全党的正式兴起得益于中共在调研的制度化与组织化、调研制度的实践化以及调研话语的个体内化方面实施的一系列机制。由此,调研的政治话语成为中共党内一种极其重要的集体政治财富。     

当前加强意识形态教育必要性的三重解读

意识形态教育在马克思主义理论中占据着重要位置。马克思主义的意识形态理论不仅批判了资本主义国家虚假的意识形态,同时预示了未来社会的意识形态教育需要指向人的终极关怀——人和人类的解放。立足于意识形态教育本身,当前加强意识形态教育的必要性在于:对于个体而言,意识形态教育有助于推动个体的政治社会化,促进个体政治价值观的形成和发展;对于国家而言,意识形态教育有利于国家认同和民族认同的养成,推动社会各种利益的有效整合,凸显意识形态教育的社会"软实力"的作用;对于国际社会中思想文化交流而言,意识形态教育有利于在多元的文化交流中把握自身的话语主动权,确立马克思主义意识形态的话语权地位。     

The cult of the victim: an analysis of the collective identity of the English Defence League

Since its creation in 2009 the English Defence League has become the largest street-based social movement in contemporary Britain. Its demonstrations have led to violence and community tensions in town and city centres throughout the country. While these street demonstrations have attracted some attention in academia, as of yet there has been no attempt to analyse the statements of the EDL as an organization. Oaten analyses the EDL's outgoing communicative transmissions and argues that the EDL as a movement is based on a sense of collective victimhood. By drawing on conceptions of collective victimhood from post-conflict studies, he suggests that only by understanding the EDL's collective victimhood can we understand its anti-Muslim and anti-establishment stance. His article stresses that collective victimhood is a zero sum identity, and highlights the fact that, as such, the EDL and its members continuously seek to portray themselves as the ‘true’ victims of abuse by government and British Muslims. Oaten concludes, in light of EDL leader Tommy Robinson's departure, by looking at the potential future trajectories of the EDL. He argues that, despite the fact that Robinson was central to the movement's collective victimhood frame of reference, the EDL continues to utilize the collective victimhood narrative in order to explain Robinson's departure. This suggests that collective victimhood had become a powerful category of self-identification for the movement, and that the movement can continue without Robinson.     

Human rights and discourse theory: some critical remarks

In this short piece, I suggest that Seyla Benhabib’s discourse-theoretic account of human rights succeeds in avoiding the charge of anti-parochialism only at the cost of failing to provide concrete and plausible enough guidance in identifying the holders, duty-bearers, and objects of human rights. I then conclude with a few reflections on what type of guidance may be plausibly expected from a discourse-theoretic approach.     

“They might read a fly speck”: musical literacy as a discursive resource in Louis Armstrong's autobiographies

Jazz has been described as a music in which the “oral” element plays a crucial role, in opposition to Western “classical” music, seen as a chiefly “written” tradition. Although such an image is frequently advocated by critics and musicians themselves, it is also true that it can generate ambivalence and negative outputs, such as the persistent myth of “primitivism” and “naivety,” often associated with jazz music. Building on Social Semiotics and Critical Discourse Analysis, this study aims at analyzing how the representations of “orality” and “literacy,” that emerge in some autobiographical narratives by Louis Armstrong, are generated, and how they can work as semiotic and discursive resources. It argues that the different depictions of musicians, and the attitude displayed toward musical literacy, are sensitive to the historical, societal, and political context in which texts have been produced and published, as well as to the narrator's willingness and ability to resist or subvert dominant discourses. Moreover, the characterization of a musician (or a category of musicians) as able or unable to access musical literacy can also serve local purposes, such as expressing the narrator's stance toward narrative characters.     

A Dialogic Analysis of Audiences’ Interactions on Online Media Sites in Zimbabwe

Abstract

Zimbabwean mainstream media has been profoundly polarised by two significant camps, namely the pro-government and anti-government media. Public opinion has primarily split between the binary ideological alignments of these two camps. The heavily censored political environment in Zimbabwe since the imposition of the Public Order and Security Act 11:17 (and regulated in a multiplicity of overt and covert ways) resulted in political expressive space being constrained. Online media, however, has created alternative media spaces and contexts that are far more enabling to audiences when it comes in dialogic co-production of meaning and new or alternative value positions to those advanced by traditional media. This article explores the negotiation of meaning by online readers of the state-owned daily, The Herald. Dialogism theory is used to explore discourse and ideological interaction occurring between mass media and its audiences in the news website comments section and how online communication is in fact a reciprocal social practice that is both modelled and remodelled through processes of co-production and negotiation of meaning. The research also takes into account the naming practices that the participants employ in their online interaction.     

谣言、流言和传说——人类意义生产的三种非常信息传播形态

人是符号的动物。人类创造符号在于发现、生产和表达意义。在人类的表意系统中,反事实性的社会话语体裁占有相当重要的份量。从传播学的角度讲,反事实、非科学的社会话语主要是由三种非常规的信息传播形态——谣言、流言和传说——构造而成。三种信息传播形态的共性即非常性在于其传播脉络超脱于经验事实的约束而又很可能有用且可信。与此同时,三种非常的信息传播形态各有其独特的传播情境、功能和内容。     

Evicting the Speaking Subject: A Critique of Latvian Concepts of Language

This paper highlights some peculiarities of the nation–language conflation in Latvian linguistics and traces their evolution. Treating language as the perfect structure consolidating ideal speakers, linguists perceive native speakers as a homogenous community whose task is to reproduce the normative language structure. Speaking subjects are denied social agency, and divergence from the norm in communication is treated as an error. The paper argues that empirically observed language use can be explained by taking into account the pragmatic intentions of speaking subjects.     

论法律解释学视角内外的确定性命题

自德沃金以降的理论方向代表了在法律解释学的向度内建构法律确定性命题的一种极致努力。但当我们把目光重新拉回到中国时,却又可以明显感受到法律解释论路向的限度,原因就在于我国法院判决所缺失的重要维度：权威性与终局性。在判决之终局性成为疑问的背景下,法院在实践操作中不再拘泥于法律解释论上立场的精确阐释,而是侧重于引导当事人达成纠纷解决之合意。在这个过程中,法律确定性命题已经不知不觉地被置换成了裁判的可接受性问题。这一基本事实足以促成我们进行理论视角的转换：由法律的解释论转向法律的商谈论。     

言说的短路与表达的困境——公共行政的话语危机分析

当前社会频频发生的话语事件揭示了公共行政的话语危机。一方面,政府言说出现了广泛的短路现象,其表现是政府及其官员的言说缺位,不被信任,难于理解,伤害民众的情感;另一方面,公民表达也存在着许多困境,诸如不被倾听,得不到重视,效率很低等。行政话语危机的原因多种多样,主要与专制政治的历史惯性、权力与权利的不对称、表达能力的欠缺、双边互信的衰落以及官僚语言的特性等密切相关。超越行政话语的危机,要求从理念、制度、技术和技能等方面创造条件,建构和完善多元化的行政对话制度。