西方话语与中国法理——法学研究中的鬼话、童话与神话

近代以来的中国法学在很大程度上是西法东渐的产物,故而受西方影响极大。在全球化时代背景下,不同法律文化之间的交流与碰撞本属常态。然而,由于西方文明的强势地位,西方话语对中国法学渐有从“影响”转变为“宰制”之虞。考察五百年以来西方话语在中国知识界——尤其是政法学界的兴衰沉浮与话语嬗变,我们可以隐约发现一个从“鬼话”到“童话”再到“神话”的轨迹,值得深思。在文化自觉、文化自强与文化自信开始成为知识界愿景的今天,我们应该解放思想、实事求是,以更为清醒和开放的心态来看待西方话语：抛弃鬼话,认清童话,破除神话。既要反对盲目排外,也要反对妄自菲薄,而应以翔实的实证研究和比较研究认清真正的西方与中国,将西话变成真话,助力“中国法理”的构建及中国法学的国际话语权争夺,最终确立其在人类政法智慧版图上的应有地位。     

论当代中国法学学术话语体系的构建

建国后,我国曾为构建法学学术话语体系进行了四次有益的尝试,但中国法学学术话语体系尚未真正建立。今后法学界应当秉持民族语言与时代精神有机结合、马克思主义法学中国化与中国法治经验马克思主义化有机结合以及合理借鉴中外优秀法律遗产与立足现实的理论创新有机结合的＂三结合＂原则,理性探讨、凝聚共识,着力研究中国问题,从我做起,从当下做起,从而建构中国的法学学术话语体系。     

警察讯问话语目的、话语策略和话语结构

以目的原则理论,言语行为理论和会话合作原则为理论基础,建立了目的、话语策略和话语行为的会话分析模型,并基于此模型分析警察讯问过程中的话语结构和问话策略。研究发现:在程序性问话阶段,警察通常使用直接指向目的的问话,问答对应结构简单,多是Q-R对应;在实体性问话阶段,由于问答双方目的冲突激烈,警察会根据不同的语境采取威胁、劝诱、友情、打断、预设、迂回等问话策略,以期获取犯罪嫌疑人的合作,实现问话目的,问答对应结构变得复杂化、多样化。     

司法判决过程中的道德论证

当非理性民权表达充斥司法判决之时,势必要澄清和阐明司法判决过程中的道德论证,势必要在柔性实证主义(分离命题)和吸纳性整体阐释(统一命题)之间交往商谈,从这个意义上说,道德是可以论证的。在司法判决现实情境之下,道德论证在大前提论证中起到经验论证、非实证和非经验论证两项作用。     

The security-prejudice nexus: “Islamist” terrorism and the structural logics of Islamophobia in the UK

ABSTRACT

A growing body of evidence documents that Islamophobia is a significant social issue in the UK. This evidence also reveals an empirical link to “Islamist” terrorism, revealing a nexus between security and the social emergence of prejudice. Drawing on critical approaches to security and applying them to the case of the UK in 2017, this article explores this nexus conceptually and empirically. To do so, it examines the discourses of various governance institutions (including the media, the political elite, and security professionals) as they respond to “Islamist” terrorist events. It argues that these governance institutions individually and collectively – and often unwittingly – stigmatised and securitised “Muslim” identity. The structural emergence (i.e., the institutionalisation) of Islamophobia in the UK, this article contends, can largely be understood through these processes. This article therefore offers an illustration of some of the logics of how prejudice is embedded in societal structures, which has normative implications for how these processes might be successfully contested.     

The Discourse of the Extreme Right and Its Ideological Implications: The Case of the Alleanza nazionale on Immigration

Against the background of research on Italian parliamentary debates on immigration, ter Wal looks at the ideological positions of the extreme-right Alleanza nazionale (AN) concerning both immigration and integration policy. In order to unravel the ideological implications she focuses on examples of various rhetorical strategies enacted in speeches by several of the party's MPs: including stategies of self- and other-presentation, and of justification and causal explanation. This analysis shows how the AN manages to propagate an ideology of ethnic nationalism that eschews the egalitarian norms and cultural pluralism necessary for full participation by migrants. The AN's transformation and re-interpretation of the meaning of the key values of equality andsolidarietàfunction as a justification for the restriction of migrants' rights. Speakers shift the perspective from immigrants' problems to the socio-economic problems of Italians in order to recommend a policy of 'the own people first'. While the AN's discourse thus continues to build on traditional extreme-right beliefs and claims, on the other hand it also espouses New Right ideologies of cultural relativism. Moreover, unlike that of radical-right parties, the AN's discourse does not express blatant forms of ethnic prejudice in the form of stereotypical beliefs and negative representations of immigrants' personal characteristics, nor does it blame immigrants, who are rather represented, and sympathized with, as victims. The moderation of and internal contradictions in its discourse makes the AN difficult     

Multimodal narratives in SIA's “Singapore Girl” TV advertisements – from branding with femininity to branding with provenance and authenticity?

This paper analyses the multimodal narratives in Singapore Airlines (SIA)’s TV advertisements. Adapting the concept of the foreground–background continuum in multimodal interaction analysis, the first section of this paper analyses the narratives in 10 TV commercials available online from 1970s to 2013. Following the comparative analysis, a close investigation from a social semiotic perspective is conducted on SIA's latest TV advertisement in 2013. Through the analysis, this study shows how gendered representations of the Singapore Girl are manipulated in SIA's advertisements. It also reveals how these gendered representations adopted by SIA are married with contemporary branding philosophies, which also work to cloak them in relation to the use of increasingly well-rounded narrative structure. This study hopes to shed light on the understanding of how gender and sexist ideologies and representations are discursively embodied in contemporary branding strategies used by large-scale advertisements and campaigns spanning a long period.     

The Populist Surge in Post‐Democratic Times: Theoretical and Political Challenges

Populism has often been described as a great challenge and threat to Western democracies. Not surprisingly, at a time in which we are witnessing a significant rise in populist actors in Europe and the US, scientific analyses and commentary regarding populism have become particularly popular and, indeed, necessary. My aim in this article is to offer a brief yet comprehensive overview of the ongoing debates in a bid to problematise the supposed ‘imminent threat’ of populism in light of recent developments within the political systems and societies of established democracies, especially under conditions of crisis. I understand populism as a specific type of discourse, and thus as a way—among others—of doing politics and appealing to groups of people. Thus, I highlight the varying orientations that populist movements might take, depending on the ideological traditions with which they are closely articulated and the sociopolitical environment in which they manifest. Last, I relate the ‘populist surge’ to discussions regarding post‐democracy.     

“平民文化”话语权与马克思主义的中国化

平民话语权或平民利益的保障与否,已成为任何一种社会制度、社会形态和社会秩序是否公正、合理与道德的标志。回顾马克思主义在中国的起源历程,重新审视以葛兰西为代表的“文化领导权”问题,并就此分析“平民文化”话语权的当代走向,以从制度、组织和文化等方面的建设来保障“平民文化”话语权的通畅,积极反映群众生活实践与诉求,充分发挥人民群众的积极性、主动性和创造性,使我们的文化建设真正包含人民群众的自主选择和实践智慧。     

中美英语新闻的批评语篇分析——以玉树地震报道为例

批评语言学认为,任何语言运用都具有意识形态意义。随着人们对语言和意识形态关系的深入研究,越来越多的人开始使用批评语篇分析的手法来分析媒体语篇的语言特征。从语言学的角度,运用批评语篇分析手法对比分析China Daily和The New York Times关于玉树地震的报道,从词汇分类、转换、情态系统三方面探讨这两家媒体对于该事件报道中的语言运用的差异以及产生原因,可以揭示中西方媒体所蕴含的不同意识形态。