天津市青少年犯罪预防及矫治机制研究

青少年犯罪已成为危害社会治安的一个严重的社会问题，为了探索青少年犯罪的预防和矫治对策，对天津市青少年犯罪的现状、特点、发展趋势及犯罪原因进行了分析，提出了预防和矫治的措施，使研究服务于民、服务于社会。     

未成年人犯罪量刑建议实证分析

国际社会对未成年罪犯的非刑化、轻刑化、非监禁化处置已成为主流趋势。近年来,我国社会各界对未成年人犯罪加强司法保护的呼声逐渐高涨,日益影响着司法实践。量刑问题是刑法理论的缩图,量刑建议是检察机关行使公诉职能和监督职能的新的举措和重要方式,对实现刑罚个别化,保护未成年当事人合法权益具有重要的积极意义。实践中,检察机关对未成年人刑事案件作出量刑建议仍在积极探索和经验准备阶段。     

Competence to Waive Interrogation Rights and Adjudicative Competence in Adolescent Defendants: Cognitive Development,Attorney Contact,and Psychological Symptoms

Although there is growing evidence of developmental differences in competency to waive interrogation rights and adjudicative competence, the correlates of adolescents' legal capacities remain unclear. This study examined the relationship of legal capacities to cognitive development, legal learning opportunities, and psychological symptoms. Participants were 152 male and female defendants aged 11–17, who completed Grisso's Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights, the Fitness Interview Test (Revised Edition), the Woodcock-Johnson III Cognitive Assessment Battery, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children. Legal capacities relevant to interrogation and adjudication increased with age. These developmental differences were partially mediated or explained by cognitive development. Of the specific cognitive ilities examined (general intellectual ability, verbal ability, reasoning, long-term retrieval, attention, and executive functioning), verbal ability was a particularly strong predictor of performance on competency measures. Also, defendants obtained lower scores on competency measures if they showed evidence of attention deficits or hyperactivity, had spent limited time with their attorneys, and/or were from low socioeconomic backgrounds.     

论未成年被害人的被害原因及预防

未成年人是一个极易受到侵害的群体,特别需要法律和社会的保护。笔者从未成年人被害的原因入手,分析未成年人可能成为被害人的心理、社会及家庭原因,从而探索预防未成年人被害的对策,以期达到预防犯罪、降低未成年人由被害人向犯罪人转化的机率、保护未成年人利益的目的。     

未成年人侵害未成年人犯罪的特点、成因和对策

近年来,我国未成年犯罪案件不断攀升,而且在不断地向低龄化发展,不仅影响到家庭的和谐而且对社会的稳定和长治久安均构成了潜在的威胁,严重地影响和谐社会的建设,已引起了高层的关注。在大量的未成年人犯罪案件中,未成年人侵害未成人权益的犯罪案件的比重逐渐增加,许多少年犯就是以他们的同龄人或低龄人作为作案的对象。本文从未成年人侵害未成年人犯罪的特点、产生的原因、综合治理的对象等方面进行了简要论述。     

Juvenile Courts after 100 Years: Past and Present Orientations

Juvenile institutions were developed in the nineteenth century. In the United States, they prompted an extension of the parens patriae doctrine, which provided a basis for the creation of the juvenile court a century ago. The protective orientation of the court was intended both for juvenile delinquents and children in danger. Important changes have occurred since the 1960s. Procedural guarantees for delinquents and de-institutionalisation of children in danger have created a clear distinction between the two groups. Diversion has introduced an alternative to the court process. Policies aimed at young offenders have moved gradually in the direction of the adult criminal court model. The article presents an overview of this evolution, essentially for North America.     

The Changing Role of the Youth Court Judge

The last century has witnessed the creation of a number of strategies regarding youth justice and the young offender. With each change in policy has come a redefinition of the role of the youth court judge. This article discusses the traditional role of the judge, the unique role of the youth court judge, and how history has and is likely to continue to define and influence this role.     

From Centre Stage to Spear Carrier: The Repositioning of the English Juvenile Court

The approach of the new millennium poses significant challenges for the way in which the youth justice system in general, and the juvenile (now youth) court in particular, develops in the future. The past one hundred years of the juvenile court in England and Wales have seen its role both flow and ebb. It currently faces further significant repositioning. The author distinguishes four themes which have influenced the marginalisation of the juvenile court: bifurcation, diversion, manageralism and legislation of the court.     

Crime is a Social Problem

This article seeks to place the study of crime and criminals in the social policy context. Criminal careers research is critically evaluated and modern social trends are outlined as a background to an exploration of the interaction between criminological research findings and social policies for youth in trouble. A contrast is drawn between individualised explanations of criminal behaviour and approaches which seek to place crime in its situational and social context.