Contributions of anatomy to forensic sex estimation: focus on head and neck bones

This study sought to provide an up-to-date review of the importance of anatomy to human identification,focusing on the usefulness of anatomical knowledge about the head and neck bones and teeth to sex estimation in routine forensic anthropology methods.A detailed search of osteology applications in forensic sex estimation was conducted through the electronic databases for the 10 years prior to July 2020.Relevant articles and classic literature on the subject were gathered and outlined in this review.Among the available literature,several metric analyses showed accuracy superior to 80%in sexual diagnosis.Angles measured from the inclination of glabellae and analysis of the external frontal bone surface through three-dimensional computer-aided design emerge as reliable cranial indexes for sex estimation.in the mandible,the condylar and coronoid height,bigonial width,and condylion-gonion distance express significant sexual dimorphism.Measurements of the canine are the best option for sex estimation using teeth,as well as the thickness of the dentine or enamel of incisors.The axis vertebra surpasses other neck bones for sex estimation due to its atypical shape and the presence of the odontoid process.Metric analyses based on anatomy can provide reliable accuracy in sexual diagnosis.Adequate training and anatomical knowledge can reduce bias and interobserver differences,and the use of three-dimensional models and computed tomography images can enhance the accuracy of these methods for sex estimation.However,every method should be validated before being applied to a different population.     

中国当代性法律批判

当今世界,各国都在探索改革有关性的法律的途径.在沃芬顿报告的影响下,许多性行为在世界上许多国家和社会中实现了非罪化.这一法律改革的最高境界就是福柯所反复论述过的:任何形式的性行为都不应当受到任何法律的惩罚.性立法不应依据道德的要求,而应依据当事人行为的社会后果及法律处罚对当事人所造成的后果.强奸和对儿童的性侵犯可以视同于伤害罪加以惩处.性或者属于道德的范畴,或者属于人们可以自由选择的生活方式的范畴.而法律不应当干涉道德范畴之内的事,更无权干涉人们自由选择的生活方式.     

酌定不起诉适用中面临的问题与对策——基于未成年人案件的实证研究

酌定不起诉具有贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策、程序分流、提高诉讼效率和合理配置司法资源等方面的功能。由于各种原因,酌定不起诉制度在实践中难以实现其承载的应有功能。基于对未成年人案件适用酌定不起诉的实际情况和适用中存在的突出问题,尽快修改酌定不起诉相关规定、改革考评机制、建立社会支持保障系统,才是解决酌定不起诉适用面临问题的关键。     

受贿罪问题探讨

受贿罪是我国目前多发而且社会危害性非常严重的犯罪之一。在分析了国内和国外相关法律规定和学者观点的基础上,认为受贿罪侵犯的犯罪客体是国家工作人员职务的廉洁性,犯罪对象为多种利益,既包括财产、财产性利益,也包括非财产性利益。在此基础上,作者还认为性贿赂也可以成为受贿罪的犯罪对象,因为性贿赂与普通的财物相比具有更严重的社会危害性,无论是国内立法还是国外刑法理论和法律规定都有类似规定,认定性贿赂为受贿罪的内容符合我国立法本意。受贿罪的犯罪主体为国家工作人员。除此之外,离退休的国家工作人员因为存在着"职务上的便利条件",也可以成为该罪主体,符合司法实践和我国刑法理论,也与我国国情相适应。     

防治少年不良行为的根本对策

根据日本对少年不良行为的统计分析,近年来日本少年总犯案率逐年递减,但是恶性刑事案件却有所增加。现行日本对少年的不良行为虽然采取了各种各样的防治措施,但是仍然有不尽人意的地方,比如,警察的过分干预,《少年法》的缺陷等都限制了对日本少年不良行为的矫治。要研究和找出产生少年不良行为的根本原因,要制定出切实可性的防治少年不良行为的根本对策。     

析家庭教育与青少年犯罪

家庭是社会的基本细胞,是人性、人生理想的启蒙教育所,父母的言行潜移默化地影响着青少年的成长。良好的家庭教育不仅是预防青少年犯罪的一道强有力的防线,也是造就人才的摇篮。因此,家庭对教育子女上的特殊功能是任何其它教育所不能替代的。预防青少年犯罪,要从父母自身做起,从家庭教育做起。     

针对青少年成长的实际,切实做好青少年犯罪的预防

近年来,青少年违法犯罪数量之多,发展之快,危害之大,性质之严重,都达到了非常让人震惊的程度。他们不仅对社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设起到很大的阻碍作用,更使很多家庭陷入痛苦之中。青少年犯罪问题要长治久安,应引起全社会的高度重视。     

明治初期非“女大学”式的女性认识——以土居光华的女性论为中心

在明治初期《女大学》群书大量出版,"女大学"式的女性认识广泛蔓延之际,对当时社会中"女大学"式的男女关系感到不协调并试图克服这种扭曲关系的男性知识分子在历史的舞台上渐渐活跃起来。以土居光华为代表的知识分子在选择性地吸收穆勒《自由论》及女性论的基础上,结合当时日本的社会状况,提出了适合文明开化的女性论。他的非"女大学"式的女性认识在当时的思想界可谓大放异彩,但其中也不免混杂着传统的因素。其作为一种"理想",脱离了当时女性的生存状况和社会实际。尽管如此,试图跳脱出"女大学"主导下的言论体系包围网的土居光华的摸索,可以说为我们今天理解明治初期的女性形象打开了另一种视野。     

Protective Effects of Parental Monitoring on Offending in Victimized Youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Empirical and conceptual literature in the United States and Western Europe provides robust evidence of victimization as a risk factor for juvenile offending and parental monitoring as a protective factor. The current study examines relationships among victimization, monitoring, and offending using a sample of youth from Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Findings indicate monitoring has a protective effect, victimization increases risk, monitoring level moderates the effect of victimization on offending, and moderation effects vary by age and gender. Discussion of findings identifies implications for efforts in BiH to develop a comprehensive strategy for preventing and responding to juvenile offending.     

Downsizing Juvenile Institutions in Ohio: Five Innovations

Abstract

Over the past 15 years, Ohio’s juvenile justice system has undergone important reforms that have led to a significant decline in the number of youthful offenders committed to state correctional facilities. As such, the purpose of this paper is to describe five unique innovations carried out across the state that have led to the downsizing of juvenile confinement in Ohio. These innovations include (1) the creation of Community Corrections Facilities; (2) RECLAIM Ohio; (3) the Ohio Youth Assessment System; (4) Targeted RECLAIM; and (5) the Behavioral Health/Juvenile Justice Initiative. Lessons learned from these efforts will be identified and discussed.