国际社会视角中的美国死刑问题评析

在西方发达国家中,美国是除日本外唯一保留死刑的国家,其死刑政策受到了其他西方发达国家、国际人权组织和社会进步团体的强烈抨击。本文以国际社会为视角,揭示了美国死刑制度中存在的对未成年人和精神智障者适用死刑、人种歧视、忽视被逮捕的外国人应当享有的权利几方面的问题,以及这些问题产生的原因和本质。     

社会主义荣辱观教育与青少年成长——论艰苦奋斗精神的继承与发展

社会主义荣辱观中的“艰苦奋斗精神”,既继承了中华民族传统美德的精华,并赋予其深刻的时代内涵,又充分体现了现代人的崇高追求和高尚境界,是社会主义伦理观、道德观和价值观的精确提炼和生动体现。社会主义荣辱观中的“艰苦奋斗精神”作为一种精神价值,在不同的时代,内容和形式虽然有所变化,但它绝不会消失。我们要教育和引导青少年继承和发扬艰苦奋斗的光荣传统,为社会多作贡献。     

家庭暴力的构成及对策

家庭暴力是发生在家庭成员间的侵害对方身体、性和精神的伤害行为。针对已成为社会问题的家庭暴力 ,我们应采取如下对策 :强化婚姻家庭领域道德与法律的共同调控功能 ;尽快制定有关制止家庭暴力的专门性法律 ;扩大社会支持 ,预防和制止家庭暴力     

Battered women's shelters and older women: The Florida experience

This article describes a study of 25 battered women's shelters located throughout Florida. The research question asked whether older abused women were being served by the state's domestic violence shelters. Although older women were found to be well-represented among shelters' paid and volunteer staff and Boards of Directors, they were poorly represented among the population served by these shelters. Results also indicated that only two shelters of-fered special programming for older women despite the fact that Florida is known for its high percentage of elderly residents. Ways in which shelters might become more involved in meeting the needs of older battered women are suggested.     

Family Representative Payeeship and Violence Risk in Severe Mental Illness

Although representative payeeship is prevalent among people with mental illness and shows promise to positively influence clinically relevant outcomes, research also suggests this legal mechanism could be implemented in ways that are problematic. The current study examined whether family representative payeeship was associated with elevated risk of family violence perpetrated by persons with severe mental illness (SMI). Data were collected every 4 months for 1 year in structured interviews with N = 245 persons with SMI who received disability benefits. Multivariate analyses showed that substance abuse, history of violence, frequency of family contact, and family representative payeeship were associated with elevated odds of family violence. Analyses also showed family contact and family representative payeeship had a cumulative effect on increasing the predicted probability of family violence (controlling for covariates such as violence history and substance abuse). The data shed light on the potential for family representative payeeship to be associated with increased risk of interpersonal conflict and violence in SMI.     

福建省违法犯罪青少年的个性特征研究

为探讨青少年违法犯罪与个性的关系,采用艾森克个性问卷对621名13－19岁违法犯罪青少年和1371名相应年龄在校学生按不同年龄段和性别进行对照研究,发现16－19岁男性违法犯罪青少年外向性（E）、精神质（P）评分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,13－15岁男性违法犯罪少年精神质（P）、神经质（N）评分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,16－19岁女性违法犯罪青少年神经质（N）评分低于对照组（P＜0．05）,不同违法犯罪类型之间各个维度无统计学差异,表明外向性、精神质和神经质与男性青少年违法犯罪相关,倾稳性可能与女性青少年违法犯罪有关。     

Trials of Women for Homicide in Nineteenth-Century England

This study examines the rates of trial of women on charges of murder at five yearly intervals from 1845 to 1900. Most women in the nineteenth century were charged with murdering their new-born infants or older children, though few were convicted. Also discussed are the rates of trial for charges of "concealment of birth," a charge frequently used when a jury was reluctant to convict an accused woman of the more serious charge of murder.     

Fear,Social Interactions,and Violence Mitigation

The fear of crime is generally considered as a social ill that undermines dimensions of individual well-being. Prior research generally specifies the fear of crime as an outcome variable in order to understand its complex etiology. More recently, however, researchers have suggested fear has a deterrence function whereby it reduces individuals’ involvement in violent encounters. This notion could hold important clues to understand the social sources of violence. We examine whether the fear of crime inhibits involvement in violent encounters, both as offender or victim, and if adjustments in routine activities explain these effects. The results suggest fear of crime reduces violence involvement, in part, by constraining routine activities. We conclude that the fear of crime appears to be a mechanism of violence mitigation that, paradoxically, bolsters physical well-being. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for criminological theory and research on interpersonal violence.     

Doctrine and violence: The impact of combatant training on civilian killings

Military theorists and practitioners have long argued that training shapes how combatants treat civilians during war. Yet there is little systematic evidence regarding the impact of training on wartime behavior, and almost none for non-state armed groups, despite the fact that such groups intensively train their fighters in order to shape their behavior towards civilian populations. This article argues that among insurgent groups that emphasize the strategic and tactical importance of restraint towards civilian populations, political training can reduce civilian killings. We test the observable implications of our theory in the case of Colombia, using survey data on former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) insurgents and sub-national data on civilian killings. We find support for our hypothesis, with results that are robust to a range of model specifications and controls, including alternate sources of combatant discipline and obedience, such as military training and punishment.     

Verbal and Physical Abuse Toward Mothers: The Role of Family Configuration,Environment, and Coping Strategies

This paper focuses on parental maltreatment, a rarely documented phenomenon. We prospectively examine factors that can increase the risk of abusive behavior toward mothers. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between a stressful family situation, parental divorce, and verbal and physical aggression toward mothers. We use a large Canadian sample of adolescents who have been followed since kindergarten. At age 15, we assessed verbal and physical abuse toward mothers, as reported by both mothers and their adolescents. Multinomial logit modeling revealed that parental divorce was associated with a greater risk of physical aggression directed toward mothers by adolescents. Family environment and parental coping strategies partially mediated that relationship. Mothers who divorced, and remained divorced, were at greater risk of being assaulted by their adolescent children. A positive family environment, reflecting a better parent–child relationship, partially diminished this risk. However, support-seeking behavior on the part of mothers increased the risk of abuse, concurrent with tyrannical strategies often mobilized by abusive children.