Migration and patrilineal descent: the role of women in Kyrgyzstan

Migration processes in Kyrgyzstan have given rise to fundamental social and demographic changes, meaning that many villages and town quarters are inhabited nowadays solely by women, children and the elderly, whereas younger and middle-aged men live as migrants elsewhere. This article explores the role of women in the maintenance of a strong patrilineal descent system, in the absence of their husbands or sons. This is achieved by grandmothers who play a significant role in transmitting oral genealogies and passing stories on to their children. Another role of women lies in changing the names of male relatives of their husbands; while appointing whom one should marry is also of great importance. The role of mothers-in-law in the formation of their sons' marriage ties in the latter's absence points to the powerful positions of these women. The final point is that young brides continue to live with their parents-in-law – even if their husband does not – and they must be respectful brides.     

依附者还是构建者?--关于妇女亲属关系的一项民族志研究

无论在传统的中国妇女研究还是在人类学汉人亲属制度研究中,大多预设了其研究对象的形象基调--妇女通常被定位为依附者的角色.其关注的重点是以文献、仪式所代表的制度,而不是实践中的人.以实践的民族志视野来考察,则所谓亲属制度是行动者在实践中构建出来并不断被实践所选择和重构的.华北一个村庄的妇女的亲属关系实践表明,妇女具有与男性不同的亲属观,她们通常是在制度框架内利用各种关系资源和策略积极地构建其亲属关系.     

现代婚姻中的责任制度探讨

婚姻责任制度旨在对婚姻进行全程的调节监控,包括婚约制、亲权责任制、家务劳动补偿制和离婚后的扶助制等。婚姻责任制度的构建是对中国传统文化的弘扬,迎合了大众的心理需要,符合建设和谐社会的要求,同时还需要通过立法、司法和责任意识的文化熏陶等途径保证婚姻责任制的实施。     

The dynamic of family structures in seventeenth-century Moldavia. Adoption and godparenthood

This study analyzes aspects related to family structure and kinship (in particularly, to relations between parents and children, but other types than the blood relations) and the influences they had on seventeenth-century Moldavian society. In the first part, the focus is on the practice of adoption that is mainly mentioned in documents through the expression taking into one's soul and has as its main purpose ensuring posterity and implicitly transmitting patrimony. This analysis is based on juridical disposition and diverse types of documents conserved referring to this practice, trying to outline the importance of this gesture in Early Modern Moldavian society and the nature of the reasons which caused the individual to choose this lineage manner. Also, for a better understanding of the role and the amount of the patrimony inherited by the adopted children in the destiny of a family and its social implications, the method of comparing the adoption in contrast with other spiritual kinships, especially with baptismal sponsorship, has been used.     

多系统联合分析应用于复杂亲缘关系鉴定

目的探讨多种检测系统用于祖孙、同胞等复杂亲缘关系鉴定的效能。方法采用常染色体、性染色体STR检测系统以及常染色体STR基因座累计状态一致性评分方法筛选符合要求的参照样本,分析复杂亲缘关系鉴定中缺失被鉴定人的等位基因,对无法重建的＂空白＂等位基因,以最不利于＂认定亲缘关系＂的假设取概率值计算似然率。结果在一复杂亲缘关系鉴定案例中,从8个声称的全同胞中筛选出5个符合同父同母遗传条件的全同胞作为参照样本用于重建缺失被鉴定人等位基因,重建的父母相关基因型符合作为被检女孩亲生祖父母的遗传基因条件,祖孙亲缘关系似然率为1483659.96。结论在复杂亲缘关系鉴定中联合协同应用常染色体STR基因分型、性染色体STR基因分型、生物学全同胞关系累计状态一致性评分标准等多种分析系统有利于获得更接近真实的案件结论。     

当代菲律宾家族政治与女性权力政治参与的关系

当代菲律宾女性权力参与程度很高,而且有自己的特色,即不仅女议员、女总统、女部长比例较高,而且政治家的妻女也拥有较大权力,其女性权力参与可分为正式权力参与和非正式权力参与,两者都有合法的渠道和机制。菲律宾女性权力参与又与家族政治密切相关,在缺乏民主的威权时期,女性更多是以非正式的方式参与权力政治,主要起辅助、补充、配合的角色。在民主转型时代,民主选举加上家族政治,大大促进了政治家族的女性参与正式权力领域。但是,家族政治本身就是与民主政治相对立的,实际上,家族政治是菲律宾政治发展的一个毒瘤,阻碍了菲律宾民主政治的成熟,也降低了普通公民,尤其是普通妇女群体参与权力政治的可能性,最终阻碍了女性政治参与的进一步提升。     

继承制度与社会保障制度的协调--兼论法定继承制度的重新构建

我国大陆地区继承法在设计法定继承制度时 ,受当时社会生产力不发达、财富较少等特殊国情所导致的社会保障制度不完善的影响 ,于是在确定法定继承人的范围和顺序时 ,注重了对弱者的社会保障 ,使之具有了社会保障的功能。然而 ,随着大陆地区社会保障制度的逐步健全 ,笔者认为 ,将来继承法中的法定继承制度重新设计时应放弃以往所担负的社会保障功能 ,恢复其原貌。     

Comparisons of familial DNA database searching strategies

The current familial searching strategies are generally based on either Identity-By-State (IBS) (i.e., number of shared alleles) or likelihood ratio (i.e., kinship index [KI]) assessments. In this study, the expected IBS match probabilities given relationships and the logic of the likelihood ratio method were addressed. Further, the false-positive and false-negative rates of the strategies were compared analytically or by simulations using Caucasian population data of the 13 CODIS Short Tandem Repeat (STR). IBS ≥ 15, IBS ≥ 16, KI ≥ 1000, or KI ≥ 10,000 were found to be good thresholds for balancing false-positive and false-negative rates. IBS ≥ 17 and/or KI ≥ 1,000,000 can exclude the majority of candidate profiles in the database, either related or not, and may be an initial screening option if a small candidate list is desired. Polices combining both IBS and KI can provide higher accuracy. Typing additional STRs can provide better searching performance, and lineage markers can be extremely useful for reducing false rates.     

Factors affecting women＇s participation in indigenous conflict resolution in Issa and Gurgura Clans of Somali,Eastern Ethiopia

This article tries to explore the factors affecting women＇s participation in indigenous conflict resolution among the Issa and Gurgura clans of Somali ethnic group. It also tries to explore the system of conflict resolution among the Issa and Gurgura clans and women＇s representation in the system. It assesses the role of women in the formation of social capital through marriage and blood relations between the different clans. Women are the primary agent in the formation of social capital between clans or ethnic groups. The paper focuses on some of the important elements of the socio-cultural settings of the study community that are in one way or another related to conflict and indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms. It also examines the positive aspects of marriage practices in the formation of social capital which strengthens friendship and unity instead of enmity.     

Old and New Actors in the Italian Drug Trade: Ethnic Succession or Functional Specialization?

The article analyses Italian and foreign organized crime involved in the drug market from two perspectives. The first, called “criminal succession”, assumes that the great presence of foreign criminal groups into this illegal market would represent a menace to the traditional hegemony exercised by Mafia-type associations in Italy. From a different perspective, defined as “functional specialisation”, the involvement of foreign criminal groups in the drug market could also be seen in terms of criminal “labour force” tending to follow the same mechanisms occurring in the general market at large, where immigrants fill low-paying jobs not requested by the local population. Through the analysis of data provided by the Italian Central Antidrug Bureau and recent court records the article tests these two perspectives. In particular, the in-depth analysis of three case studies from northern, central and southern Italy – i.e. Milan, Florence and Naples – has allowed us to identify the main changes that occurred in the drug market since the early 1990s. In effect, in Milan and Florence, we register the emergence of foreign criminal actors in the high- and medium-level positions of the local drug trade, while in Naples, where Camorra clans hold very strong positions, it leaves small areas of autonomy to foreign criminal groups.