树立科学的领导干部执政能力观

科学发展观的主要执行者是领导干部,领导干部的执政能力决定着科学发展的能力。从一定意义上说,组织部门和组工干部的执政能力观决定着领导干部的执政能力和领导水平。树立科学的执政能力观,要以科学识别为前提、科学选拔为核心、科学评估为关键、科学培育为根本。     

隐语的非言语形式

隐语交际主要以口语为载体 ,同时 ,隐语还存在着非言语形式。构成非言语形式隐语的方式多种多样 ,从共时和历时的角度考察 ,主要有由手势、隐字、图示、实物等构成的几种非言语形式隐语。非言语形式隐语在具体运用中具有交际的可视性、集团的约定性和个体的随机性等特点。     

共同渎职犯罪主体身份与职务不同的定罪问题研究

共同渎职犯罪主体身份与职务不同 ,非国家机关工作人员能否成为国家机关工作人员犯罪的实行犯、教唆犯、组织犯、帮助犯 ,国家机关工作人员能否成为非国家工作人员的教唆犯 ,一直是理论界和司法实践争论不休的问题。凡利用国家机关工作人员职务便利的 ,应一律按国家机关工作人员犯罪共犯定罪 ;未利用国家机关工作人员职务便利的 ,则按主犯犯罪性质的共犯定罪。     

THE (DE)CONSTRUCTION OF CONFLICT IN DIVORCE LITIGATION: A DISCURSIVE CRITIQUE OF “PARENTAL ALIENATION SYNDROME” AND “THE ALIENATED CHILD”

In high‐conflict divorce litigation involving custody and access, mental‐health professionals are often used to assess the case and make recommendations. Using Foucauldian theories of discourse, this article suggests that these assessments, which are intended to resolve the conflict or offer profitable information, often participate in the conflict by constructing assessments and diagnoses that fit with legal discourse, and thus with the outcomes of adversarial‐styled rulings and ideologically driven interests. This article suggests that so long as such professionals are driven by the privileged discourse of law and psychology/psychiatry, the best interests of those at the center of the conflict can have their experience co‐opted by the iatrogenic features of these discourses.     

Return on Investment in Innovation: Implications for Institutions and National Agencies*

Commercial success in universities in the USA and Canada has resulted in many other countries taking steps to emulate this performance and major technology transfer and commercialisation support programmes have been launched in UK, Europe, Australia, Japan and many other countries—including South Africa. Unrealistic expectations have, however, been generated by the spectacular successes of a relatively few institutions and it is not always realised that the success from commercialisation is proportional to the magnitude of the investment in research. Without a well funded, high quality research system, it is not possible for technology transfer to make any significant contribution to economic development. The possible economic returns to higher education institutions from commercialisation of research can be estimated using international benchmarks. This forecast uses a combination of an institutional return on investment model and a simple economic projection. The model is generic and can be adapted for use in any institution. As more data becomes available from local (and international) sources, the model will be refined to give better estimates. The model is dynamic and shows, quantitatively, why it can take up to 10 years for an institution, and 20 years nationally, to attain a positive rate of return from an investment in research and technology transfer. The model enables the long-term impact of policy decisions, in an institution and nationally, to be examined and alternative scenarios explored. The performance of individual institutions is, however, highly variable and unpredictable. This is even for those institutions that are comparable in size and maturity. A large portfolio of patents and licences is required to give a reasonable probability of positive returns. This may be possible at a national level, but is problematic in smaller institutions—and smaller countries. Because the benefits of the innovation system are captured largely at national level, with institutions having a high uncertainty, public sector support to reduce the institutional risk is necessary to assist institutions to make the necessary investments. Technology transfer is of course only one element of the overall research and innovation value chain. All elements must be functioning effectively to derive the economic and social benefits from research. In addition to a strong research system, adequate incentives must exist to encourage academics to participate, particularly with regard to the crucial initial step of invention disclosure. After disclosure, sufficient institutional capacity must be in place to take an idea, evaluate it, protect the intellectual property appropriately and then seek a path to commercialisation through either licensing or start-up company formation. *Based on the paper “Return on Investment in Innovation: Implications for Institutions and National Agencies” presented at The First Globelics Conference on Innovation Systems and Development Strategies for the Third Millennium, Rio de Janeiro, November 2003.     

法律语言的模糊性及准确运用

根据传统的范畴理论,法律表达应符合准确性这一基本要求,故追求准确为立法语言和司法语言的目标之一。但是,由于对事物的界定模糊不清以及人类的认知能力有限,法律语言尤其是立法语言中常使用模糊词语,有助于增强语言表达的效率及保护当事人权利,但也会带来诸如过分扩大法官自由裁量权等不利后果。对于法律语言的模糊性,可借助内外部指导、司法判决以及相关语境而使之明确化,从而有效地限制法官的自由裁量权过分膨胀。     

浅论西部大开发中地方政府能力的提升

西部经济的发展需要政府与市场的互动,以解决资源配置的效率与效益问题。长期以来,我国西部地区一是市场化程度不高,造成投资者生产成本的增加;二是政府能力的缺失导致了交易成本的上升。加入WTO后,西部地方政府在经济发展的过程中,应该针对公共商品和私人商品的特性,合理确定西部地方政府与市场的作用范围,实行市场化改革,创造一个有效率的制度安排,以提升该地区地方政府发展经济的能力。     

论死亡保险合同中被保险人的资格

道德危险问题一直伴随着保险业的发展,这在死亡保险合同中表现得更为明显。死亡保险关乎被保险人的生命,让被保险人通过自己的意思表示来判断投保人为其投保的动机是十分重要的；对防止道德危险的发生也有非常积极的作用。所以应当对死亡保险合同中被保险人的资格加以限制,但应当分类对待。     

生态补偿的法律关系及其发展现状和问题

生态补偿是指国家或社会主体之间约定对损害资源环境的行为向资源环境开发利用主体进行收费或向保护资源环境的主体提供利益补偿性措施,并将所征收的费用或补偿性措施的惠益通过约定的某种形式,转移到因资源环境开发利用或保护资源环境而自身利益受到损害的主体的过程。     

The Road to EU Membership. Enforcing Competition Policy in Hungary: Double Protection and Domestic Developments

The present article is concerned withthe so-called process of harmonisation to theCommunity Law, which is taking place in thecentral eastern European countries, candidatesto join the European Union. Specifically, thisarticle deals with the building of a matureHungarian competition policy, inaccordance with the acquis communautaire,as part of a larger long-term programme ofpro-market decisions concerning privatisationand market openness. On the one hand, theso-called iterated multi-level interaction indifferent arenas between Hungarian institutionsand the Union, structured on path-dependentdynamics, influences the mechanisms and thetiming of harmonisation to the EuropeanUnion. On the other hand, the gradualempowerment of an independent national Office of Economic Competition and theprogress made to the adaptation of policystructures and policy behaviours to theEuropean Union's canons and laws are taken asthe main factors explaining the development ofa clear, predictable, and transparent processof competition law enforcement. Byfollowing a multidisciplinary approach, thisarticle combines an analysis of the meaning ofboth the Hungarian Competition Act and theprovisions on competition contained in the Europe Agreement, alongside a study of theirenforcement experience, revealing a gap betweenthe high consistency of the Hungariandiscipline on competition protection withEuropean Union law and the real enforcement capacity.