基于过程解析法的同机添加打印文件鉴别方法

利用喷墨打印机二次添加打印,特别是同机添加打印变造文件,是文件检验工作中的难题。喷墨打印机采用串行接字方式,内部结构复杂,喷嘴数目多,同一型号打印机又有多种质量模式。因此,在打印图文上往往留有较多的打印特征,如对接重叠线、对接错位线、横向白线、卫星墨点、墨点错位等。分析爱普生、惠普、佳能三个品牌的20台喷墨打印机不同质量模式的打印文件,发现这些特征重复再现频率较高,不同台打印机打印文件特征差异较大,同一台打印机在不同质量模式下特征出现的位置也不尽相同。通过提取打印文件上的打印特征,分析字车运行方向和打印图文pass数值,分解打印过程并制作检验图谱,判断打印文件的可疑区域是否符合打印规律,为确定二次添加打印提供帮助,提升检验过程的规范性、检验意见的准确性和结果依据的可读性。     

Study on Infringement Issues Related to CAD Documents in the Three-dimensional Printing Industry: Theoretical Logic and Reflection on Legislation

With the new wave of intelligent manufacturing, 3D printing will be a crucial innovative technology contributing to promoting economic growth in the future. Meanwhile, 3D printing technology will also bring challenges of intellectual property protection. Since CAD documents do not constitute the technical solution under the patent protection, the rule of direct infringement cannot be applied to manufacture, sales and dissemination of CAD documents of patented products. The non-physical character of CAD documents divorces itself from the rule of assistance infringement. Exceptions for non-commercial implementation shield the aforementioned conducts from liability. The "thought and dichotomy" rule under the copyright law seems helpless to protect functional features. Facing these challenges, it is feasible to apply the existing rule of joint infringement; however, it merits attention to prudently seeking balance between protecting right holders and preventing abuse of patent exclusive rights.     

Three‐Dimensional Comparative Analysis of Bitemarks*

Abstract: Historically, the inability to accurately represent bitemarks and other wound patterns has limited their evidentiary value. The development of the ABFO #2 scale by Krauss and Hyzer enabled forensic odontologists to correct for most photographic plane distortions. The technique presented here uses the ABFO #2 scale in conjunction with the evolving technologies of laser scanners and comparative software commonly used by the automobile industry for three‐dimensional (3D) analysis. The 3D software comparison was performed in which measurements were analyzed of the normal distance for each point on the teeth relative to the bitemarks. It created a color‐mapped display of the bitemark model, with the color indicating the deviation at each point. There was a correlation between the bitemark and the original teeth.     

Direct identification of various copper phthalocyanine pigments in automotive paints and paint smears by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

Direct identification of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and chlorinated CuPcs in paints for discrimination between blue automobile paints by means of laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) in the absence of a matrix is reported. The models consisted of eight commercially available CuPc pigments applied to a piece of plain white coating paper. The relationship between the peak intensity at m/z 575 of the CuPc, the number of pulsed laser shots, and laser power was compared to optimize laser abrasion. LDMS analysis of the model paints demonstrated that all characteristic components of the CuPc pigments in the paint films were in good agreement with those in the powder pigments. Further, the chlorinated CuPcs in the paint films could be distinguished. A quantity of 42 blue paint films, representing the paints used for painting Japanese domestic trucks, was examined by LDMS analysis. Results indicate that the paints can be classified into four categories based on the chlorinated CuPc components of the paints. Therefore, LDMS spectra of CuPc pigments would be useful for the identification of paints in forensic investigations. Herein, we report the successful identification of the CuPcs in a paint smear on the frame of a bicycle damaged in a hit-and-run accident, using the LDMS spectra.     

Determination of the Chronological Order of a Laser Printing and Gel Pen Writing Without any Crossing Strokes

Laser printers and writing instruments are being exploited by the forgers to produce fabricated documents. They often produce such documents by appending genuine signature on a blank sheet and later printing on it. Often these fabricated documents do not contain intersection of strokes and may pose a difficulty to forensic document examiners in analyzing cases related to such documents. Keeping in mind the limited research work done on nonintersecting strokes, the present study has been conducted with an aim to determine the sequence of nonintersecting strokes of gel pens and laser printers. Three hundred samples of nonintersecting strokes of gel pen ink and laser printing were prepared. Of these 300, 150 had laser-printed text below the gel pen strokes and the remaining 150 were prepared with gel pen stokes below the laser-printed text. The samples have been analyzed using Nikon SMZ 800N stereomicroscope. Three micro-conformation features, that is, pattern of toner distribution, ink distribution, and fiber distribution have been observed in the samples. The results demonstrate the successful establishment of sequence of nonintersecting strokes in case of gel pen and laser-printed documents by the determination of micro-conformation features.     

激光雕刻印章印文真伪鉴定

激光雕刻印章是当代科技集激光技术、计算机技术、数控技术、电子技术等为一体的刻印技术,已广泛应用于社会。激光雕刻印章印文真伪鉴定成为文检员面临的新课题。本文从激光雕刻印章的原理及程序、印章印文的特点、印章印文的检验方法、鉴定时可使用的特征、形成非本质差异的原因等方面进行了探讨与研究。     

社会主义本质观的两个层次

社会主义本质观存在两个不同的层次 :理论形态层次的马克思主义的社会主义本质观和实践形态层次的邓小平的社会主义本质观。二者虽然在其形成的历史背景、视角层次、表现形态和表达方式上不同 ,但它们在实质内容上又是统一的、一脉相承的。后者是对前者的继承和发展、突破与创新。     

农民工劳动力供给行为的经济学分析

农民工在城市从事的都是以"生存经济"为特征的低收入工作,收入的效用对他们比较大,因而他们的无差异曲线比较平坦;农民工的技能水平低并且可支配时间被人为地缩短了,因此他们的预算线也比较平坦,由此决定了农民工的效用最大化水平相对于城市居民要低.但农民工所参照的群体是农村居民而非城市居民,因此进城打工的收入只要高于农村收入,他们就会接受这份工作.     

Digital reconstruction of fragmented tooth remains in forensic context

Forensic odontology majorly focuses on the identification of victims through the analyses of oral and para-oral structures.Exposure to high temperatures and trauma can occur in mass disasters and may lead to the fracturing and fragmentation of teeth.These fragments may become very fragile and easily damaged while handling.Conventional methodologies such as the use of transparent nail polish,hair spray,cyanoacrylate or adhesives have been used to stabilise the fragmented pieces.This study introduces a new and innovative digital technique that utilises three-dimensional surface scanning(3DSS)and rapid prototyping techniques to reconstruct fractured portions of the teeth.The results of qualitative congruency analysis suggest that over all variance of morphological error(0.0526±0.05)mm.These results imply that the reconstructed 3D model can be used for various morphometric analyses.     

电针结合激光治疗单纯性肥胖30例

目的 比较电针结合激光与单纯电针治疗单纯性肥胖的疗效差异。方法 将60例单纯性肥胖患者随机分为治疗组(电针结合激光治疗)、对照组(电针治疗)各30例,分别观察两组治疗前后体质量、腰围、臀围、股围、体质量指数（body mass index, BMI）的变化。结果 治疗后两组患者的体质量、腰围、臀围、股围、BMI均显著下降(P<0.01);治疗组体质量、腰围治疗前后差值显著大于对照组(P<0.05,或P<0.01),两组减肥疗效比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 电针结合激光与单纯电针均对单纯性肥胖具有确切的临床疗效,电针结合激光在减少患者腰围上具有独特优势。