Effort,incentives, and culture in the Czech Senate

This paper uses the natural experiment of seat allocation in the first Czech Senate to assess the effects of incentives on legislative effort. Contrary to previous work using similar research designs, the incentive of longer terms has little effect on the effort levels of legislators. This may reflect the parliamentary context, the newness of the Czech Senate, or, most interestingly, political culture.     

对中国立法权设置的反思——以几个法律文本为考察中心

通过对现行《宪法》,以及《立法法》、《地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法》、《国务院组织法》、《民族区域自治法》文本的考察发现,我国现行宪法和法律关于地方性法规制定权、自治法规制定权、部门规章和地方政府规章制定权的规定并不一致。导致这种不一致的原因,最为浅显的是立法者（以及修宪者）在制定法律性文件时没能与其他法律性文件相协调;更为深层的原因则根植于两种错误观念中：一是误解了人民权利的正当性基础与国家权力（包括法律性文件制定权）合法性来源的差异,二是混淆了《宪法》和法律在规范国家权力中的不同作用。     

中国税权重构的法律思考

税权是分税制财政管理体制法的核心内容。我国于 1994年实行分税制财政体制 ,对税权进行了配置 ,但从多年运作的情况看 ,这种税权配置存在不少问题。就中国税权的重构作了一些初步探讨 ,并建议赋予地方以适当的税收立法权 ,合理划分税种 ,使地方政府的事权与财权相统一。     

论政府数据开放立法的路径及其选择--以《贵阳市政府数据共享开放条例》为例

政府数据开放立法根植于开放政府运动,是政府数据开放顺利进行之基石。大数据时代,行政机关成为海量政府数据的产生者、保有者,如何让政府数据资源发挥其巨大价值,服务于公共利益,摆脱束之高阁的命运,政府数据开放立法的路径尝试不可或缺。不管是从权利基础,还是政策嬗变、适法依据,政府数据开放立法具有其内在的正当性。但基于法律的滞后性和稳定性,我国的政府数据开放出现了实践先行、立法滞后的局面。通过对《贵阳市政府数据共享开放条例》的深入挖掘和分析,可管窥政府数据开放立法路径的未来走向,因此应通过对贵阳立法实践的反思和批判,肯定贵阳的创新与可取之处,同时指明政府数据开放的功能定位,比较分析三种立法模式的利弊,厘清政府数据开放的关键语义,为政府数据开放从条例上升到法律提供参考。     

Editor’s Note

Envisioning a well-ordered society composed of filial subjects who obeyed the law, avoided disputes, shunned religious heresy, paid their taxes, and peacefully engaged in agriculture, the Kangxi emperor’s “Sacred Edict of Sixteen Maxims” (圣谕十六条) has often been considered a declaration of the alien Qing dynasty’s Confucian bona fides. While the rhetoric of the pronouncement echoed traditional moral values, the political acumen of the Qing rulers was readily apparent in the eighth maxim, “explain the laws to warn the ignorant and obstinate.” Melding moral and legal education, the eighth maxim specifically endorsed the efficacy of the law. The importance placed on legal knowledge was abundantly clear in one of the earliest commentaries, which explained all sixteen maxims with examples of applicable legal guidelines. Thus, the “Sacred Edict” was a shrewd maneuver that endorsed traditional moral values, but it also foreshadowed a “legislative turn” in the Qing rule that was discernible in the evolving ethos of criminal justice. Despite the extensive efforts to propagate the “Sacred Edict,” violent crime was on the rise in the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong reigns. When transformation through moral “teaching and cultivation” (jiaoyang 教养) failed to alleviate social conflict, Qing rulers reconsidered and revised the established practice of criminal justice and the existing concept of criminal behavior. By the end of the eighteenth century, the effort to stem the tide of violent crime relied less on ideological exhortation and more on legislation that articulated harsh punishments. This “legislative turn” in Qing criminal justice resulted in an aggressive policy of deterrence that facilitated the greater use of capital punishment.     

“一带一路”背景下反腐败的国际预控合作机制

从反腐败的国际预控合作的具体路径来讲,可从风险控制、信息互通、企业合规监管以及民间反腐交流等方面进行国际合作,从而实现腐败犯罪的有效预防。除此之外,还需要进一步深化反腐败国际合作的立法思考,发挥相关法律法规的规范、指引和惩罚作用,从而更有效地预防和打击腐败。     

试论出口食品进入国际市场的“通行证”

在我国出口贸易中 ,出口食品“通行证”( HACCP—食品安全卫生预防体系 )具有十分重要的位置。文章对 HACCP的应用状况进行分析 ,提出了在我国全面推行 HACCP体系的举措 ,并提出了完善立法的仪     

程序控权与程序性立法的控权指向检讨——以《行政诉讼法》立法目的为个案

就对权力的规制而言,一个合理分权的权力结构当是最为根本和富有实效的,然在这一根本性前提尚未具备且短期内难有实质性变化的境况下,程序对于控权的意义更应被特别强调,尤其在如《行政诉讼法》这样的程序性立法中.因为对权力的规制需要程序要件的满足;权力行使的过程性要求对其制约的程序性;程序特别是正当程序本身即为控权机制;程序制约的过程正当性是法治之德的核心;程序的牵制性有助于催发权力结构的合理变化.但遗憾的是,在如《行政诉讼法》这样的控权性质相当浓厚的程序性立法中,由立法目的所体现的对于权力刻意维护的立法指向却是需要深刻检讨的.     

表决权代理制度研究

表决权代理制度是现代公司制度中维护股东权益的重要手段,本文研究了国外公司法对表决权代理的规定,并对完善我国的表决权代理制度提出了立法建议。     

"知假买假"案件的法律思考

由于国家法律对"知假买假"性质的认定没有明确的规定,法学界对此观点也不一致,以致在司法实践中,对该类案件的处理结果不尽相同,这有悖于法制的统一和法律的公平原则.本文通过对该类案件进行分析探讨,提出该类案件的适用标准,并对完善这方面的立法提出几点建议.