建立我国夫妻侵权的民事救济制度的思考

夫妻间的侵权是民事侵权行为的一种,应承担相应的法律责任,随着我国经济社会不断发展,人们的思想观念在不断地转变,人们对于夫妻间的侵权越来越注重寻求法律的途径解决。文章就实践中出现的夫妻侵权问题进行了相关的分析,对建立夫妻间侵权的民事救济的必要性和可能性进行了探讨,并对夫妻间的侵权行为进行民事救济的条件和方式提出了自己的观点。     

立法规划的制定标准及程序控制

为了建立完备的法律体系,实现对立法有序性和立法科学性的追求,和对有限立法资源的有效分配,立法规划制度在上世纪80年代在我国产生发展起来,并逐渐成为一种立法惯例。但是与立法实践中立法规划的蓬勃发展不一致的是立法规划理论研究的薄弱。这导致立法规划存在制度非法定性、执行率较低的特点,因此文章针对立法规划存在的问题分析了立法规划在中国的产生背景、制定的科学性标准和编制的程序性控制。     

权力视野下的行政国与法治国

二战以后,行政国已成为各国行政权扩展后的一种普遍现象,而从古典法学理论开始就追求的法治国,在现代中国完善法治的进程中又有着重要的意义。行政权与法治权是一对古老的矛盾,是传统三权中最为强势的一对权力关系。行政权与行政国,立法权与法治国的纵向关系、行政权与立法权,行政国与法治国的横向关系、立法权与行政国,行政权与法治国的交叉关系是四者之间的基本关系范畴,而行政国与法治国的关系也是基于这个关系之上。     

将过程思想引进立法研究的思考

立法过程是立法研究的一个重要方面。过程思想提供了一种新的方法论视角,使我们动态地、联系地观察立法过程,全面、完整地把握其规律性。有关过程和立法过程的思想观点有助于我们加深认识立法过程的内涵、特点和复杂性,并可以在立法实践中具体应用。     

黑社会性质组织的认定探析——以立法解释为视角

刑法典第294条对黑社会性质组织规定并不完整,于是全国人大常委会于2002年4月28日通过了相关的立法解释。立法解释对黑社会性质组织的界定可以概括为组织性特征、经济实力特征、行为手段特征和非法控制性特征,其中非法控制性特征是黑社会性质组织的本质特征,是区别于一般的犯罪集团最显著的特征。在认定黑社会性质组织时准确地把握立法解释,四个特征需要同时具备,既不可随意降低标准,也不可刻意拔高标准。     

法官对专家辅助人意见的采信与心证形成的路径分析

2012年《民事诉讼法》规定了专家辅助人两种出庭情形:与鉴定人进行质证;对案件所涉专业问题发表意见。两种情形不仅在事实认定中承担着本证与反证的不同功能,其意见效力、法官采信的逻辑亦有差别。目前,专家辅助人意见在我国不属于法定证据,2015年《民事诉讼法司法解释》将其视为当事人陈述的规定,更加弱化其效力,导致实践中法官在采信专家意见时难以操作。因此,赋予专家辅助人合法的诉讼地位和法定证据效力,并对专家辅助人出庭的条件、资质要求、意见属性、法院审查标准等方面予以规定,不仅完善立法,也具有非常重要的实践意义。     

The Internet and Parliamentary Democracy in Europe

The overall aim of this volume is to investigate the impact of new information and communications technologies (ICTs), in particular the Internet, upon parliamentary democracy in Europe. Through a comparative study of four parliaments (the British, European, Portuguese and Swedish), our research addresses three important dimensions of the impact of the Internet on parliamentary democracy, namely, the practices, principles and rules related to the use of the Internet in a parliamentary context. It is hoped that, by comparing the experiences of the four parliaments and their Members, a European perspective on the development of and issues about ‘parliamentary e-Democracy’ can be established. The main sources of data and methodologies employed in this volume include a questionnaire survey, content analysis of parliamentary websites, interviews with parliamentarians and parliamentary staff and research workshops. Here we highlight the main features of the individual contributions included in this volume.     

From a Top-Down to a Bottom-Up Approach to Legislative Oversight

Over the years there have been several studies of oversight in the context of the US Congress; much less attention, however, has been paid to the study of oversight in parliamentary systems. Comparative studies spearheaded by several international organisations in recent years offer a different perspective of legislative oversight. They emphasise a new concept, oversight potential, and suggest that strengthening this potential would help promote good governance, fight corruption and improve democracy. This study examines the concept of oversight potential in a pure parliamentary system – the Israeli Knesset. It shows that low potential impairs actual oversight in a parliamentary system that uses mainly police-patrol techniques as defined by the 1987 work of McCubbins and Schwartz. It suggests that increasing oversight potential will help improve the oversight outputs of the legislature. Finally, it develops a bottom-up legislative approach for measuring oversight potential, and by doing so it enriches this neglected field of research.     

The Time Path of Legislative Party Switching and the Dynamics of Political Competition: The Italian Case (1996–2011)

Political competition is more realistically described as a dynamic process rather than as a series of static stages in which parties compete over policy and government formation. This paper focuses on legislative party switching as the main manifestation of this endogenously evolving process, linking individual switching behaviour to policy and office incentives that are assumed to evolve throughout the life of the entire legislature. Using a new data set tracking the timing of MPs’ changes in party affiliations between 1996 and 2011 in Italy, it is found that switching is mainly motivated by policy reasons and that it is more likely during government formation periods and budget negotiations. These results are a consequence of the interplay between MPs’ ambition and the alternation of key phases in the legislative cycle.     

Explaining Final Term Changes in US Congressional Foreign Travel

Recent scholarship demonstrates US legislators acquire human capital (that is, contacts, knowledge, and skills) in Congress that maximises post-elective earnings because they anticipate re-entering the labour market after leaving office. This literature has not, however, addressed how legislators’ expectations of entering specific professions affect their in-office activities. This article examines this question within the context of final term, employment-particular changes in House members’ foreign travel. Representatives entering the private sector are predicted to travel more in the last period to augment their human capital in foreign affairs and signal their expertise to prospective employers, while retiring legislators are expected to travel less because they lack incentives to maintain productivity levels. Analysis supports the former but not the latter prediction.