Costly Signals: Voter Responses to Parliamentary Dissent in Austria,Britain, and Germany

When Members of Parliament (MPs) disagree publicly with their party, this provides a signal to voters regarding both their political views and their character valence. We argue that the strength of this signal to voters depends on the personal career costs an MP incurs by dissenting. The greater the perceived costs of dissent to the MP, the more positively voters should react to dissent. In line with this theory, we use a series of conjoint analysis experiments in Britain, Germany, and Austria to show that: (1) dissent has a more positive effect on voter evaluations in systems where the costs of dissent are higher, and (2) more costly types of dissent have a greater impact on voter evaluations. These findings have important implications for understanding how voter evaluations of MPs depend on beliefs about parliamentary systems and how parliamentary institutions condition the link between voters and MPs.     

中国社会保险立法进路之分析——中国社会保险立法体例再分析

社会保险法在社会保障法体系中处于核心地位,我国社会保险立法不能满足社会保险实践的需要。提交全国人大会常委会审议的《社会保险法(草案)》立足于中国国情但过于迁就现实;体现了行政优位的理念但欠缺公民社会保险权保障的理念;立法的总体思路明确但不具有完整的基本原则;立足于职权立法但过于频繁地授权立法;奠定了社会保险各方主体的关系框架但疏于对法律关系的梳理;具有明确的导向性但缺乏可操作性;追求利于权力运行的秩序但公平与效率价值缺失。立法先行是社会保险得以产生的明显特征。选择立法体例的关键是看其是否适合该国的需要。单行立法是社会保险立法体例的主流。社会保险法理想的立法体例应为综合立法体例,但我国制定综合性《社会保险法》的条件尚不成熟。我国可以继续《社会保险法》的立法进程,对于《社会保险法》之外的五个社会保险项目的单项立法次序安排,应以养老保险法和工伤保险法为先,医疗保险法、失业保险法和生育保险法为后。     

侵犯虚拟财产的刑法规制研究

随着网络游戏的风靡，在赛搏空间（Cyberspace）中侵犯“虚拟财产”的违法犯罪现象也日益增多。为了对侵犯虚拟财产的行为给予有效的刑法规制，可以借鉴域外经验，从立法、司法途径寻求规制措施。从立法方面来看，首先要在中国现行法律框架下寻求有效规制；当现行法律对于相关行为存在立法漏洞时，则应当通过完善立法、严密法网而将之纳入调整范畴。而从司法角度来说，则需要在不违背现行立法、遵循罪刑法定原则的前提下，通过最高司法机关对具体应用法律问题进行解释，从而对侵犯虚拟财产的行为给以刑法规制。     

试论立法听证的论辩性—─以重庆市立法听证为例

我国地方人大立法与西方议会立法不同,基本上是抽象行为的立法,其立法听证的核心和灵魂在于论辩性。论辩性也是我国立法听证区别于座谈会、论证会等其他传统的立法民主形式的主要特点。提高立法听证会论辩性要从听证议题的可辩性、双方陈述人的人数、陈述能力,以及陈述的时间、机会的对等性等方面来保障。     

反思与弃绝：“保钓”视野下唐文标的现代诗创作

唐文标早年颇具现代色彩的新诗创作中,就已潜藏着对现代主义抽象的超越、救赎精神的疑虑反思,并隐约可见现实关切、社会实践等思想特质,这为其后来参与“保钓”等左翼实践并最终与现代诗彻底决裂,埋下了思想的种子。在经受20世纪60年代后期欧美社会运动和“保钓”运动洗礼后,他将左翼的精神和理想带至台湾,其对现代诗的发难重新激起台湾思想文化上的左翼现实批判精神。因此,联系唐文标早期的现代诗创作活动,全面考察其左翼文学思想的发展历程,才能更深入把握左翼革命理想中激荡的种种对现实、历史、民族的深切寄托。     

傅立叶红外光谱（ATR）法无损检测轮胎橡胶

该实验利用傅立叶红外光谱（ATR）法对不同品牌的轮胎橡胶进行了检测,并根据实验所得FTIR光谱图在红外范围内出现特征峰个数的不同,将被检轮胎橡胶样品进行了分类。该检测方法为无损检测,所需样品量小且检测速度较快。     

Changes in the Rules of the Lawmaking Process and the Success of Presidential Bills: Chile, 1990–2018

This article assesses the effect of changes in the lawmaking process on the success of the president’s legislative agenda, distinguishing between within-term success (bills that passed during the term) and overall success (including bills that passed after the president left office). With the 2064 presidential bills introduced in seven terms (1990–2018) in Chile’s presidential system, we assess the impact of changes in lawmaking rules on within-term (59.9%) and overall success (70.6%). Changes that decrease attributions of the president and create more opportunities for executive-legislative bargaining—including concurrent elections—increase the chances of success of presidential bills. The use of presidential urgency motions, an agenda-setting tool, makes bills more likely to pass, but the issuance of many urgency motions undermines the bill’s chances to succeed. Presidential bills introduced early in the term and those on issues where there is more policy convergence are more likely to pass.     

Editor’s Note

Envisioning a well-ordered society composed of filial subjects who obeyed the law, avoided disputes, shunned religious heresy, paid their taxes, and peacefully engaged in agriculture, the Kangxi emperor’s “Sacred Edict of Sixteen Maxims” (圣谕十六条) has often been considered a declaration of the alien Qing dynasty’s Confucian bona fides. While the rhetoric of the pronouncement echoed traditional moral values, the political acumen of the Qing rulers was readily apparent in the eighth maxim, “explain the laws to warn the ignorant and obstinate.” Melding moral and legal education, the eighth maxim specifically endorsed the efficacy of the law. The importance placed on legal knowledge was abundantly clear in one of the earliest commentaries, which explained all sixteen maxims with examples of applicable legal guidelines. Thus, the “Sacred Edict” was a shrewd maneuver that endorsed traditional moral values, but it also foreshadowed a “legislative turn” in the Qing rule that was discernible in the evolving ethos of criminal justice. Despite the extensive efforts to propagate the “Sacred Edict,” violent crime was on the rise in the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong reigns. When transformation through moral “teaching and cultivation” (jiaoyang 教养) failed to alleviate social conflict, Qing rulers reconsidered and revised the established practice of criminal justice and the existing concept of criminal behavior. By the end of the eighteenth century, the effort to stem the tide of violent crime relied less on ideological exhortation and more on legislation that articulated harsh punishments. This “legislative turn” in Qing criminal justice resulted in an aggressive policy of deterrence that facilitated the greater use of capital punishment.     

论政府数据开放立法的路径及其选择--以《贵阳市政府数据共享开放条例》为例

政府数据开放立法根植于开放政府运动,是政府数据开放顺利进行之基石。大数据时代,行政机关成为海量政府数据的产生者、保有者,如何让政府数据资源发挥其巨大价值,服务于公共利益,摆脱束之高阁的命运,政府数据开放立法的路径尝试不可或缺。不管是从权利基础,还是政策嬗变、适法依据,政府数据开放立法具有其内在的正当性。但基于法律的滞后性和稳定性,我国的政府数据开放出现了实践先行、立法滞后的局面。通过对《贵阳市政府数据共享开放条例》的深入挖掘和分析,可管窥政府数据开放立法路径的未来走向,因此应通过对贵阳立法实践的反思和批判,肯定贵阳的创新与可取之处,同时指明政府数据开放的功能定位,比较分析三种立法模式的利弊,厘清政府数据开放的关键语义,为政府数据开放从条例上升到法律提供参考。     

“一带一路”背景下反腐败的国际预控合作机制

从反腐败的国际预控合作的具体路径来讲,可从风险控制、信息互通、企业合规监管以及民间反腐交流等方面进行国际合作,从而实现腐败犯罪的有效预防。除此之外,还需要进一步深化反腐败国际合作的立法思考,发挥相关法律法规的规范、指引和惩罚作用,从而更有效地预防和打击腐败。