Trials of Women for Homicide in Nineteenth-Century England

This study examines the rates of trial of women on charges of murder at five yearly intervals from 1845 to 1900. Most women in the nineteenth century were charged with murdering their new-born infants or older children, though few were convicted. Also discussed are the rates of trial for charges of "concealment of birth," a charge frequently used when a jury was reluctant to convict an accused woman of the more serious charge of murder.     

论小公司立法规制的三种模式

进入21世纪以来,一些西方发达国家纷纷大幅度调整了公司立法,其共同特点是增强了对小公司发展的促进措施。公司法在处理小公司问题上有三种不同的模式．即特殊的公司形式、公司的替代形式以及采取“小公司优先”原则。其中”小公司优先”原则又可以采取不同的实现方式。     

刍议医疗损害技术鉴定二元化现状的应因之道

《侵权责任法》颁布实施已经2年多,国家立法机关及最高人民法院迟迟没有出台关于医疗损害技术鉴定的法律解释。一些省、直辖市出台了地方性规定,但做法各不相同,理论上并没有彻底解决鉴定二元化的问题。目前部分地区医疗损害司法鉴定似乎出现一种无序状态,严重影响了医疗损害争议案件的解决,急需尽快完善顶层设计,规范鉴定机制,尽快结束鉴定的二元化局面,为医疗损害争议案件诉讼的解决提供保障。     

不断完善医疗纠纷赔偿机制的思考

本文对海南省推行全省统一的医疗责任保险方案实施两年来,在运行过程中存在的问题与对策从医院层面进行分析,认为医疗纠纷通过医责险赔偿仍面临诸多矛盾和问题。主要表现在：一是保险公司的逐利性和医院对投保的初衷存在巨大差异,购买医责险并非医院自愿;二是医责险在理赔中困难重重,该赔不赔、随意压价、限制受理范围等等导致调解失败,医院没有真正从医疗纠纷中解脱出来,“医闹”问题仍困扰医院;三是保险方案设计和保费调整系数不合理,医院承担的保费过高,而赔偿过低,未能达到风险转嫁的目的。作者提出不断完善医疗纠纷赔偿机制,尝试建立医疗风险互助金制度。     

Managing the People: Art Programs in the American Depression

How do “classical” big art institutions (museums, the ballet, the opera, symphony orchestras) react to phenomena of globalization such as migration flows, the “denationalization” of artistic movements, the enormous growth of the number of artists, the trend of a global cultural branding of cities, etc.? And which cultural policies do governments develop to interfere in the relationship between those art institutions and their changing environments? Those were the central questions I asked while doing research about the position of art institutions in society today. The research concentrated on a very diverse sample of big art institutions in Europe. The research begins with the insights of Actor Network Theory and the political philosophy of Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt and leads to an ideal typical two-dimensional model to classify the possible strategies that such institutions and their responsible governments can use on the local, national and international level.     

Standardisation: A tool for addressing market failure within the software industry

Despite the maturity of the software industry, empirical research demonstrates that average software quality, when measured through the presence of software defects, is low. Such defects cause a wide array of issues, not least in the form of vulnerabilities, which support a multi-billion pound a year industry of fraud in cyber crime. This paper suggests that this is the result of market failure stemming from two factors: the first is that information asymmetry prevents the establishment of software quality prior to purchase; whilst the second is that the legal provisions available under private law are unable in their current form to adequately address software liability issues. On that basis this paper proposes the use of standardisation as a tool to address both of these shortcomings by providing an industry benchmark against which software quality can be ascertained, as well as forming a legal tool for determining causation for the purposes of establishing legal liability.     

行政责任制度的中国进路

政府作为现代社会最重要的组织,必须建立起一套责任机制。对于任何主张民主的社会来讲,责任机制是基本因素,发展民主政治,建设法治国家,必须健全行政责任制度。而建立有效的权力制约机制,权力和责任的适当配置,责任落实的个体化,建立发达的信息机制,完善行政伦理道德机制,是行政责任制度在我国的进路。     

产品质量事故赔偿责任性质及范围探析--兼论我国产品质量责任立法的完善

产品质量事故的赔偿责任尽管属于侵权法范畴 ,但同时存在侵权责任与合同责任的竞合。产品质量事故的赔偿范围既包括财产损失 ,也包括人身损害。其中财产损失包括直接损失和间接损失 ,人身损害除包括因事故造成的人身伤害以外 ,还包括适当的精神损害。为了维护消费者的合法权益 ,应进一步加强和完善立法责任。     

错案追究制的理性思考

错案责任追究制在一定程度上提高了司法人员的责任意识 ,遏制了司法腐败 ,促进了司法公正。但在实践中也出了许多问题 ,究其原因是因为该制度本身存在着疏漏与不足。文章在深入分析错案追究制可能产生的“负效应”及原因后 ,提出了对策。