论国际投资法的自由化趋势

受经济全球化和贸易自由化的影响,当前阶段国际投资法呈现出前所未有的自由化趋势。这表现在东道国外资法、双边投资条约、区域性投资条约以及国际多边投资条约上,但它们在自由化趋势上又各有不同特点。     

两岸ECFA下厦门经济特区对台先行先试问题探讨

两岸ECFA一方面将为厦门经济特区对台经贸交流合作拓展内容与政策空间,另一方面又必将压缩特区对台经贸交流合作先行先试的内容与政策空间,相对削弱特区对台政策优势,影响到特区对台经贸关系的拓展,进而影响到特区自身建设与发展。无论是从顺利推进两岸经贸活动自由化与经济一体化的需要角度看,还是从贯彻落实《国务院关于支持福建省加快建设海峡西岸经济区的若干意见》、继续发挥特区在两岸经济交流合作中的先行先试作用等角度看,ECFA下特区对台进一步先行先试,有其现实意义与必要性。基本思路与原则是,特定的自由化与一体化的内容在两岸整体层面尚不具备条件推进的,或需要在特定区域试验探索经验的,可以在特区先行先试。实践中,可把厦门经济特区建设成为＂厦门自由经济区＂,在推进两岸整体层面的经贸活动自由化与经济一体化的进程中,可根据当时的两岸经济条件与两岸经济关系发展需要,在两岸货物贸易自由化、两岸服务贸易自由化、两岸投资自由化与便利化等方面,先行先试某些正在商谈或将要商谈的自由化与一体化内容。     

金融自由化条件下的金融监管

金融自由化与金融监管是一对矛盾的统一体，金融自由化不但没有否定金融监管的基础，还强化了金融监管的现实性和必要性，但金融自由化却使传统金融监管手段陷入了困境，为了维护金融秩序的稳定，促进金融业的发展，金融监管在监管技术，监管经验，监管模式，监管机制及国际协调等方面都出现了一些新的发展趋势。     

GATS框架下的审慎监管制度

金融自由化与金融有效监管是GATS框架体系在金融服务贸易领域的两大基本目标。为平衡二者之间的关系 ,GATS及其附件规定了审慎监管制度 ,但是审慎例外条款自身规定的抽象性及其优先适用性大大削弱了金融自由化的成果。为弥补审慎例外条款这种实体性规则不足的缺憾 ,GATS为成员方规定了审慎监管标准协调与认可的程序性义务。因此GATS框架下的审慎监管制度身兼二职 ,使金融自由化与金融有效监管在对立统一的基础上达到了动态平衡     

Between crises and sanctions: economic policy of the Russian Federation

This paper examines the root causes and features of crises of the Russian economy in 2014–2015 as a combination of structural and institutional problems, as well as cyclical and external shocks. The demand-side model of economic growth based on massive windfall revenue from oil and gas exports from the 2000s is now exhausted, and the country needs to shift to a new, supply-side model of growth. Mobilization and liberalization are discussed as two key economic policy alternatives. The analysis includes historical retrospection, which provides some important lessons from economic developments in the twentieth century: the Great Depression and the period of stagflation, the Soviet industrialization debate and perestroika, and the New Economic Policy in the USSR and the contemporary modernization of China. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of economic growth acceleration in present-day Russia. They include macroeconomic stabilization, structural and institutional reforms based on liberalization of economic activity, and guarantees of property rights.     

Capital Account Liberalization,Financial Structure,and Access to Credit in Latin America

This article revisits the question of whether capital account liberalization improves access to credit by advancing and testing a theory of how the structure of the financial sector shapes the willingness and ability of banks and governments to repress the domestic financial sector. In a highly concentrated financial sector, banks and governments are more willing to reap the benefits of financial openness by suppressing liberalizing reforms to domestic financial policies, and they can also better coordinate with one another to stifle these reforms compared to when the financial sector is diffuse. Using a panel dataset of Latin American and Caribbean countries, I find that capital account liberalization leads to a decrease in loans to private firms and households and an increase in loans to governments and state-owned enterprises when the financial sector is highly concentrated. Only when the financial sector is diffuse does capital account liberalization lead to reforms in entry barriers, directed credit programs, and banking sector supervision, which extends to improved access to credit for private firms and households.     

An Anatomy of Mass Protests: The Orange Revolution and Euromaydan Compared

This article surveys and discusses the latest wave of mass protests in Ukraine, the Euromaydan. This study situates the Euromaydan within the history of the other protests in post-communist Ukraine and makes a comparison to the Orange Revolution (the Orange Revolution). The authors recognize the importance of international factors, but argue that Ukrainian domestic political factors contributed significantly not only to the emergence, but also to escalation of the latest conflict in Ukraine. This study tests a theory about the role of institutional factors versus the role of cultural-historic legacies in the process of mass protest formation and conflict development. We argue that institutional factors, such as: governmental policies; the composition of governmental, opposition, and civil society groups; corruption; and timing of legislative activity on most divisive issues in Ukraine have contributed to the conflict escalation in Ukraine.     

论现代国际航空法的自由化趋势

自由化既是应然国际航空法的一种理念和价值取向,又越来越多地体现在实在国际航空法之中。具体而言,1944年《芝加哥公约》建立的双边法律体制实质上是一种贸易保护主义,从美英《百慕大协定》到美国自由式协定都增进了自由化内容,2007年美欧协议和中美协议体现了全面的自由化;从区域层面来看,欧盟与亚太地区航空法都展示了自由化势头;国际多边自由化仅在有限范围内得到发展,但航空联盟在实践中发展了多边自由化,ICAO也对多边自由化做出了重要贡献;WTO多边法律体制也开始调整航空运输,虽然目前的调整范围十分狭窄,但贸易评审机制保障了WTO航空立法自由化的向前发展。     

俄罗斯融资体制的缺陷及其教训

1998年金融危机后,俄罗斯融资体制得到一定程度上的规范和发展,但在融资规模、质量和效率等方面仍然存在许多缺陷。这些缺陷造成融资体制与实体经济相脱离,加剧了经济的脆弱性和不稳定性,引发了经济结构的不平衡。这些缺陷与其盲目推行金融自由化、微观经济主体的行为以及制度环境有着密切的联系。中国应吸取其教训,不断完善融资体制,为经济发展创造良好的金融环境。     

国际投资条约自由化背景下防御性条款的设置——对我国BITs实践的思考

在国际投资条约自由化的趋势下,一些发展中国家相继接受了ICSID的全面管辖权、宽泛的间接征收定义等自由化条款,给国家的外资管辖权带来挑战。为此,应采取例外规定、限制间接征收等防御性条款,以保障国家基于环境、国家安全等政策的需要对外资实施必要的管制措施。自1998年以来,我国投资条约的内容日趋自由化,研究在BIT中采取适当的防御性规定、避免类似阿根廷不慎放权的教训,是当前我国BITs实践的迫切需要。