The medical licensing examination debate

National licensing examinations are typically large‐scale examinations taken early in a career or near the point of graduation, and, importantly, success is required to subsequently be able to practice. They are becoming increasingly popular as a method of quality assurance in the medical workforce, but debate about their contribution to patient safety and the improvement of healthcare outcomes continues. A systematic review of the national licensing examination literature demonstrates that there is disagreement between assessment experts about the strengths and challenges of licensing examinations. This is characterized by a trans‐Atlantic divide between the dominance of psychometric reliability assurance in North America and the wider interpretations of validity, to include consequences, in Europe. We conclude that the debate might benefit from refocusing to what a national licensing examination should assess: to achieve a balance between assessing a breadth of skills and the capacity for such skills in practice, and focusing less on reproducibility.     

泰国的涉外民商事管辖权制度

在泰国,对不涉及不动产或与此相关的权利和利益的诉讼,由被告住所地或诉因发生地能行使地域管辖权的法院管辖;有关不动产或其他与不动产有关的权利的诉讼,由有地域管辖权的被告住所地法院或不动产所在地法院管辖.外国国家不能成为泰国法院的当事人;当事人不能自主地选择管辖法院;在外国法院待审的案件还可向有管辖权的泰国法院提交;泰国法律制度中没有不方便法院这一概念.     

行政许可评价制度问题探析——从《行政许可法》第二十条出发

《中华人民共和国行政许可法》第二十条规定了行政许可评价制度.自该制度建立近十年来,我国中央和地方在立法层面和实践层面虽然取得了一定的成果,但仍存在着法律规定过于原则,法律与规章详略不一,评价主体、评价内容、评价程序不够全面,、信息沟通不对称等问题,因此需要有关部门注重提高行政机关的行政意识、完善已有的行政许可评价制度规范、设立专门的行政许可评价执行机构以及落实信息公开制度.     

论行政许可中的自由裁量权及其规制——一种实用主义的立场

随着现代社会经济的发展,各种行政许可事务纷繁复杂.职是之故,行政许可实行彻底的法定主义存在客观阻碍,行政许可中的自由裁量权成为适应社会经济需要的应运而生之物.然而行政许可中的自由裁量权导致存在部门主义与地方主义、诱使权利寻租行为、降低行政法律法规可预期性的弊端,因此从实用主义的角度出发,理应依凭事前制度设计,实现对行政许可中的自由裁量权的最大限制.     

行政许可的演化与异化——以网吧行业为个案的分析

通过行政许可来管制市场,是现代公共行政的一种重要方式。然而,在某些情况下,行政许可并不能解决市场的弊病,反而带来大量问题,网吧行业的行政许可制度就是一个明显的例子。通过考察网吧行业行政许可制度逐渐膨胀的过程、实际的管制效果、合法性问题以及行政许可制度的实际受益者,可以揭示行政许可制度的实际运行状态,并论证法律控制的重要意义。     

AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION POLICY REQUIRING LICENSURE,REGULATION, AND MONITORING OF PRIVATELY OPERATED RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR AT‐RISK CHILDREN AND YOUTH

Well‐meaning parents send an estimated 10,000 to 14,000 at‐risk children each year to unregulated private residential treatment facilities, which for as much as $3,000 to $5,000 per month promise to modify troublesome behaviors and make bad kids good. The facilities that compose this booming, billion‐dollar business are generally not regulated, licensed, or monitored by state or federal governments; too many aspects of this alternative care system for youth are rife with mistreatment, including physical, sexual, and mental abuse by facility staff. This American Bar Association policy resolution urges state, territorial, and tribal legislatures to pass laws that require the licensing, regulating, and monitoring of residential treatment facilities that are not funded by public or government systems but offer treatment to at‐risk children and youth for emotional, behavioral, educational, or other problems or issues.     

高速公路合理化收费法制化研究

我国高速公路收费较高,这给高速公路使用者带来了巨大的经济压力,从而导致偷逃高速公路通行费的情况比较严重。高速公路收费过高的原因在于公路的性质被异化、收费站点过多、超期收取通行费、收费被挪用、管理费用较高。实现高速公路收费合理化应该确定适当的定价原则,根据收费还贷公路模式和收费经营公路模式的不同,按照财务成本补偿理论进行核算;废除行政审批制度,通过行政许可制度的实施保障高速公路的公共性;通过行政合同,明确收费公路还路于民的条件。     

Approval regulation and endogenous consumer confidence: Theory and analogies to licensing,safety, and financial regulation

Safety regulation – in the form of pre-market approval, licensure, screening, and product entry limitations – governs numerous market realms, including consumer finance. In this article, we ask whether the effects of safety regulation go beyond safety and affect consumers' beliefs about the distribution of products they can use. We model “approval regulation,” where a government regulator must approve the market entry of a product based upon observable, unbiased, and non-anticipable experiments. We show that even if regulator and firm disagree about only quality standards, the disagreement induces the firm to provide more information about its product than it would in the absence of regulation. Put differently, purely first-order disagreements in regulation generate second-order consequences (more certainty about product quality). These second-order consequences of regulation are sufficient to generate first-order effects among end-users (more consumption of superior products), even when users are risk-neutral. In other words, even if approval regulation produces little or no improvement in safety or quality, it still aggregates information useful to “downstream” product users; these users will exhibit higher consumption and will more readily switch to superior products. In contrast with libertarian analyses of entry regulation and licensure, the model predicts that entry restrictions may be associated with greater product or service utilization (consumption) as well as with greater price sensitivity among consumers. Because contemporary cost–benefit analyses ignore these second-order effects, they are unlikely to capture the possible confidence effects of approval regulation.     

BOT中政府保证的相关法律问题

ＢＯＴ作为一种新型的利用国际私人资本进行基础设施项目投资的方式,已越来越多地被世界各国所重视和采用。但其在理论和法律规范上还有许多值得探讨之处,政府保证的法律问题就是其中之一。目前我国政府对ＢＯＴ中的政府保证基本采取拒绝的态度,这对吸引外国投资者参与我国基础设施建设有消极影响。因此我国必须抛弃对政府保证的疑虑,对ＢＯＴ项目作充分而适当的政府保证。本文将就ＢＯＴ中政府保证的几个相关的法律问题加以分析。     

知识产权搭售许可的法律规制

在知识经济时代，知识产权在推动经济发展和社会进步中，扮演着十分重要的角色，但知识产权滥用问题也越来越突出，知识产权的搭售许可则是其中尤其引人关注的问题之一。知识产权搭售许可限制了购买者的自由选择权，压制了竞争对手的竞争行为，妨碍了公平竞争秩序，制约了经济发展，通过法律对其规制已成必然。因此，搭售许可的法律规制问题无论在理论方面还是在实践方面都具有相当的重要性。