运用数码相机进行分色偏振光摄影

目的研究运用数码相机进行分色偏振光摄影的可能性和方法。方法比较用数码相机拍摄有色地毯上的灰尘鞋印的各种方法的效果。结果分色偏振光摄影方法得到了较理想的效果。结论用数码相机进行分色偏振光摄影是有效的 ,相对传统方法提高了工作效率。     

酌定量刑情节若干问题研究

酌定量刑情节具有刑法上之依据,但不具备内容的法定性,应将酌定量刑情节内容予以法定化。民愤与量刑依据存在偏差,不应作为酌定量刑情节,但是其对刑罚裁量能够产生特定影响;司法实践中“以强凌弱”的情况体现了更强的社会危害性和人身危险性,应当上升为法定量刑情节。     

Applications of Blue Light‐curing Acrylic Resin to Forensic Sample Preparation and Microtomy

This study discusses the results of an evaluation of a one‐part blue light‐curing acrylic resin for embedding trace evidence prior to the preparation of thin sections with a microtome. Through a comparison to several epoxy resins, the physical properties relevant to both trace evidence examination and analytical microscopy in general, including as viscosity, clarity, color, hardness, and cure speed, were explored. Finally, thin sections from paint samples embedded in this acrylic resin were evaluated to determine if, through smearing or impregnation, the resin contributed to the infrared spectra. The results of this study show that blue light‐curing acrylic resins provide the desired properties of an embedding medium, generate high‐quality thin sections, and can significantly simplify the preparation of paint chips, fibers and a multitude of other types of microscopic samples in the forensic trace evidence laboratory.     

The Effects of Environmental Exposure on the Optical,Physical, and Chemical Properties of Manufactured Fibers of Natural Origin

Manufactured fibers derived from natural origins include viscose rayon, azlon, and polylactic acid (PLA). A 2‐year study was conducted to document any changes these fibers undergo as a result of exposure to various environmental conditions. Fabric swatches representing each fiber type were exposed to freshwater, saltwater, heat, cold, ultraviolet light, or composter conditions. Fibers from the swatches were periodically analyzed using polarized light microscopy and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Fiber solubility and melting‐point behavior were measured every 6 months. Except for the complete degradation of viscose rayon in the composter, saltwater, and freshwater environs, no changes in the optical properties, infrared spectra, solubility, or melting points of the remaining fibers in any of the environments were observed. However, microscopic morphological changes were observed in fibers from two azlon swatches submerged in freshwater and saltwater, two PLA swatches exposed to ultraviolet light, and two viscose rayon swatches exposed to ultraviolet light.     

Detection of Gunshot Residue on Dark‐Colored Clothing Prior to Chemical Analysis

Detection of gunshot residue (GSR) is an arduous task for investigators. It is often accomplished with chemical tests, which can reveal elements and ions indicating the presence of GSR, but are likely to cause physical alteration to the pattern. In this study, the Spex Forensics Mini‐CrimeScope MCS 400, along with 16 accompanying wavelength filters, was applied to various GSR patterns and target types. Three dark shirt materials, four ammunition calibers, and eight ammunition manufacturers, along with the primer residue of the different manufacturer ammunitions were tested. Results indicate the alternate light source wavelength of 445 nm to be the optimal setting. In addition, target material plays a large role in the preservation of GSR patterns as particles burn. Furthermore, it can be extrapolated that residue, observed from a full round and firing distance of six inches, is mostly composed of unburnt gunpowder residue, not primer residue.     

由被害人“预防投资”解构犯罪未遂的轻刑化

潜在的被害人为自我保护通常会进行预防投资,但是其投资水平并非总是处于最佳状态,从而产生负外部性,需要刑罚对之进行宏观调控。法律的经济分析表明犯罪人更倾向于选择高预防水平的被害人为目标对象,而犯罪未遂轻刑化正是防止投资过度,节约社会资源的规律使然。从经济效用看,犯罪未遂轻刑化不仅契合了市场经济的理念,实现了帕累托更优状态,更推动了预防犯罪博弈的均衡。     

The use of a tunable light source (Mini-Crimescope MCS-400, SPEX Forensics) in dissecting microscopic detection of cryptic epithelial particles

As skin particles are often deposited by even a single skin contact, the detection of skin debris is important for evidence collection and DNA testing. Unfortunately, even when a dissecting microscope is used by an experienced examiner, epidermal particles are often hard to find and these traces of evidence might escape DNA analysis. Fluorescence is defined as the property of absorbing short-wavelength light and emitting longer-wavelength light. By virtue of the fluorescence characteristics of many target materials, tunable light sources assist in the macroscopic search of crime scenes and items. We combined the dissecting microscope and an alternate light source to examine the fluorescence characteristics of skin and skin particles. In a comparative study, small skin scales were hidden between sand, fibers, and soil probes, and it proved possible to search more successfully with less time and effort. On staged casework exhibits, the efficiency of the screening aid was again tested and the usability of the new procedure shown.     

Determination of the Sequence of Intersecting Lines Between Toners and Seals by Laser Fluorescence Microscope

Fluorescence microscope is considered to be one of the most effective ways to examine the sequence of intersecting seal and toner lines of questioned documents. In reality, however, the toner (mainly divided into compact and noncompact toners) and seal of a questioned document have such a complex morphology and sequence of crossing lines that current methods cannot meet the requirement of practical document identification. In view of the challenges of document examination, a laser fluorescence microscope and method are developed in this study. The developed microscope provides additional functionality to traditional fluorescence microscopes of transmitted light modality, laser excitation, selectable excitation wavelength, and selectable fluorescence filters. The results obtained from the method of comparisons between transmitted light and fluorescence modalities were positive under most conditions, particularly for noncompact toner examination for which a 100% accuracy rate and 90% detection rate were achieved in blind testing.     

国际视野下的宽严相济刑事政策

近期国际刑事政策的发展趋势是实行轻轻重重的两极化刑事政策.我国宽严相济的刑事政策是在"严"占主角、"宽"为配角的重刑结构下,作为对"严打"方针的反思而提出的,当前是一项刑事司法政策.其内涵虽与两极化刑事政策有差异,但对犯罪采取区别对待的灵活精神与两极化刑事政策相符合.在"严"的重刑结构下,要发挥"宽"这个配角的作用,只能以司法努力,尽可能多地拓展"宽"的空间和份额.应以"量刑"(裁判)这个司法中心环节为基点,向"量刑"(裁判)的前、后两个阶段和领域进行扩展.     

基于真实世界艾灸督脉组穴治疗轻度认知障碍临床观察

目的 观察基于真实世界研究方法下,艾灸督脉组穴治疗轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment, MCI)的临床疗效。方法 选取符合条件的MCI患者260例,建立标准化数据库,详细记录患者信息和治疗过程,试验结束后根据研究目的分别以不同艾灸温度、艾灸时长、灸治频率及灸治疗程分组,运用倾向评分匹配法平衡组间混杂因素,比较不同艾灸温度(43.1～46℃,40.1～43℃)、艾灸时长(30 min, 20 min)、灸治频率(每周6次,每周3次)及灸治疗程(8周,6周)下患者的总有效率,观察治疗前后简易精神状态检查(mini-mental status examinination, MMSE)量表、蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA)量表评分变化,血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy)、神经丝蛋白轻链(neurofilament light chain, NfL)水平变化情况。结果 匹配前艾灸督脉组穴治疗MCI的总有效率为88.46%(230/260);匹配后发现艾灸督脉疗法分别在艾灸温度为43.1～4...